java 8编程官方参考教程第9版_学习笔记(二)--->《Java 8编程官方参考教程（第9版）.pdf》:第七章到九章学习笔记...

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于 2021-02-15 23:31:56 发布

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文章标签： java 8编程官方参考教程第9版

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_30177835/article/details/114175590

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注：本文声明事项。

本博文整理者：刘军

本博文出自于：《Java8 编程官方参考教程》一书

声明：1:转载请标注出处。本文不得作为商业活动。若有违本之，则本人不负法律责任。违法者自负一切法律责任。

2: 本书对应的jdk为 jdk8版本

3：因为内容容量太大，编辑器无法承受于是给拆分了以下版本：

讲：java的历史和演变、Java概述、数据类型、变量和数组、运算符、控制语句、类等内容

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

《Java 8编程官方参考教程(第9版)》pdf 下载地址：http://pan.baidu.com/s/1o7Zp3Mq 密码： 33cf

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

第7章方法和类的深入分析

7.1 重载方法

1 package Chap7;

3 /**

4 * Demonstrate method overloading.

5 *

6 * @ClassName: OverloadDemo

7 * @Description:

8 * @author 刘军/shall_liu (1136808529@qq.com)

9 * @date 2017年9月14日上午12:15:21

10 *

11 */

12 class OverloadDemo {

13 void test() {

14 System.out.println("No parameters");

15 }

17 // Overload test for one integer parameter.

18 void test(int a) {

19 System.out.println("a:" + a);

20 }

22 // Overload test for two integer parameters.

23 void test(int a, int b) {

24 System.out.println("a and b:" + a + "" + b);

25 }

27 // overload test for a double parameter

28 double test(double a) {

29 System.out.println("double a:" + a);

30 return a * a;

31 }

32 }

35 package Chap7;

37 /**

38 *

39 * @ClassName: Overload

40 * @Description:

41 * @author 刘军/shall_liu (1136808529@qq.com)

42 * @date 2017年9月14日下午11:35:25

43 *

44 */

45 class Overload {

46 public static void main(String args[]) {

47 OverloadDemo ob = new OverloadDemo();

48 double result;

50 // call all versions of test()

51 ob.test();

52 ob.test(10);

53 ob.test(10, 20);

54 result = ob.test(123.25);

55 System.out.println("Result of ob.test(123.25):" + result);

56 }

57 }

58 //其运行结果为：

59 No parameters

60 a: 10

61 a and b: 10 20

62 double a: 123.25

63 Result of ob.test(123.25): 15190.5625

View Code

1 package Chap7;

3 /**

4 * Demonstrate method overloading.

5 *

6 * @ClassName: OverloadDemo

7 * @Description:

8 * @author 刘军/shall_liu (1136808529@qq.com)

9 * @date 2017年9月14日上午12:15:21

10 *

11 */

12 class OverloadDemo {

13 void test() {

14 System.out.println("No parameters");

15 }

17 // Overload test for two integer parameters.

18 void test(int a, int b) {

19 System.out.println("a and b:" + a + "" + b);

20 }

22 // overload test for a double parameter and return type

23 void test(double a) {

24 System.out.println("Inside test(double) a:" + a);

25 }

26 }

28 package Chap7;

30 /**

31 *

32 * @ClassName: Overload

33 * @Description:

34 * @author 刘军/shall_liu (1136808529@qq.com)

35 * @date 2017年9月14日下午11:35:25

36 *

37 */

38 class Overload {

39 public static void main(String args[]) {

40 OverloadDemo ob = new OverloadDemo();

41 int i = 88;

43 ob.test();

44 ob.test(10, 20);

46 ob.test(i); // this will invoke test(double)

47 ob.test(123.2); // this will invoke test(double)

48 }

49 }

50 //其运行结果为：

51 No parameters

52 a and b: 10 20

53 Inside test(double) a: 88.0

54 Inside test(double) a: 123.2

55View Code

7.1.1 重载构造函数

1 package Chap7;

3 /**

4 *

5 * @ClassName: Box

6 * @Description: 重载构造器

7 * @author 刘军/shall_liu (1136808529@qq.com)

8 * @date 2017年9月14日下午11:47:01

9 *

10 */

11 class Box {

12 double width;

13 double height;

14 double depth;

16 // This is the constructor for Box.

17 Box(double w, double h, double d) {

18 width = w;

19 height = h;

20 depth = d;

21 }

23 // compute and return volume

24 double volume() {

25 return width * height * depth;

26 }

27 }

View Code

1 package Chap7;

3 /**

4 *

5 * @ClassName: Box

6 * @Description: 重载构造器

7 * Here, Box defines three constructors to initialize the dimensions of a box

8 * various ways.

9 * @author 刘军/shall_liu (1136808529@qq.com)

10 * @date 2017年9月14日下午11:47:01

11 *

12 */

13 class Box {

14 double width;

15 double height;

16 double depth;

18 // constructor used when all dimensions specified

19 Box(double w, double h, double d) {

20 width = w;

21 height = h;

22 depth = d;

23 }

25 // constructor used when no dimensions specified

26 Box() {

27 width = -1; // use -1 to indicate

28 height = -1; // an uninitialized

29 depth = -1; // box

30 }

32 // constructor used when cube is created

33 Box(double len) {

34 width = height = depth = len;

35 }

37 // compute and return volume

38 double volume() {

39 return width * height * depth;

40 }

41 }

45 package Chap7;

47 /**

48 *

49 * @ClassName: OverloadCons

50 * @Description: 重载构造器

51 * @author 刘军/shall_liu (1136808529@qq.com)

52 * @date 2017年9月14日下午11:49:30

53 *

54 */

56 class OverloadCons {

57 public static void main(String args[]) {

58 // create boxes using the various constructors

59 Box mybox1 = new Box(10, 20, 15);

60 Box mybox2 = new Box();

61 Box mycube = new Box(7);

63 double vol;

65 // get volume of first box

66 vol = mybox1.volume();

67 System.out.println("Volume of mybox1 is" + vol);

69 // get volume of second box

70 vol = mybox2.volume();

71 System.out.println("Volume of mybox2 is" + vol);

73 // get volume of cube

74 vol = mycube.volume();

75 System.out.println("Volume of mycube is" + vol);

76 }

77 }

79 //其运行结果为：

80 Volume of mybox1 is 3000.0

81 Volume of mybox2 is -1.0

82 Volume of mycube is 343.0

View Code

7.2 将对象用作参数

1 class PassOb {

2 public static void main(String args[]) {

3 Test ob1 = new Test(100, 22);

4 Test ob2 = new Test(100, 22);

5 Test ob3 = new Test(-1, -1);

7 System.out.println("ob1 == ob2:" + ob1.equalTo(ob2));

9 System.out.println("ob1 == ob3:" + ob1.equalTo(ob3));

10 }

11 }

13 package Chap7;

15 /**

16 * Objects may be passed to methods.

17 *

18 * @ClassName: Test

19 * @Description:

20 * @author 刘军/shall_liu (1136808529@qq.com)

21 * @date 2017年9月14日下午11:52:55

22 *

23 */

24 class Test {

25 int a, b;

27 Test(int i, int j) {

28 a = i;

29 b = j;

30 }

32 // return true if o is equal to the invoking object

33 boolean equalTo(Test o) {

34 if (o.a == a && o.b == b)

35 return true;

36 else

37 return false;

38 }

39 }

40 //其运行结果为：

41 ob1 == ob2: true

42 ob1 == ob3: false

View Code

1 package Chap7;

3 /**

4 * Here, Box allows one object to initialize another.

5 *

6 * @ClassName: Box

7 * @Description:

8 * @author 刘军/shall_liu (1136808529@qq.com)

9 * @date 2017年9月15日上午12:00:54

10 *

11 */

13 class Box {

14 double width;

15 double height;

16 double depth;

18 // construct clone of an object

19 Box(Box ob) { // pass object to constructor

20 width = ob.width;

21 height = ob.height;

22 depth = ob.depth;

23 }

25 // constructor used when all dimensions specified

26 Box(double w, double h, double d) {

27 width = w;

28 height = h;

29 depth = d;

30 }

32 // constructor used when no dimensions specified

33 Box() {

34 width = -1; // use -1 to indicate

35 height = -1; // an uninitialized

36 depth = -1; // box

37 }

39 // constructor used when cube is created

40 Box(double len) {

41 width = height = depth = len;

42 }

44 // compute and return volume

45 double volume() {

46 return width * height * depth;

47 }

48 }

50 package Chap7;

52 /**

53 *

54 * @ClassName: OverloadCons2

55 * @Description:

56 * @author 刘军/shall_liu (1136808529@qq.com)

57 * @date 2017年9月15日上午12:01:21

58 *

59 */

60 class OverloadCons2 {

61 public static void main(String args[]) {

62 // create boxes using the various constructors

63 Box mybox1 = new Box(10, 20, 15);

64 Box mybox2 = new Box();

65 Box mycube = new Box(7);

67 Box myclone = new Box(mybox1);

69 double vol;

71 // get volume of first box

72 vol = mybox1.volume();

73 System.out.println("Volume of mybox1 is" + vol);

75 // get volume of second box

76 vol = mybox2.volume();

77 System.out.println("Volume of mybox2 is" + vol);

79 // get volume of cube

80 vol = mycube.volume();

81 System.out.println("Volume of cube is" + vol);

83 // get volume of clone

84 vol = myclone.volume();

85 System.out.println("Volume of clone is" + vol);

86 }

87 }

90 //其运行结果为：

91 Volume of mybox1 is 3000.0

92 Volume of mybox2 is -1.0

93 Volume of cube is 343.0

94 Volume of clone is 3000.0

97View Code

7.3 参数传递的深入分析

1 package Chap7;

3 /**

4 * Objects may be passed to methods.

5 *

6 * @ClassName: Test

7 * @Description:

8 * @author 刘军/shall_liu (1136808529@qq.com)

9 * @date 2017年9月14日下午11:52:55

10 *

11 */

12 // Simple Types are passed by value.

13 class Test {

14 void meth(int i, int j) {

15 i *= 2;

16 j /= 2;

17 }

18 }

20 package Chap7;

22 class CallByValue {

23 public static void main(String args[]) {

24 Test ob = new Test();

25 int a = 15, b = 20;

27 System.out.println("a and b before call:" + a + "" + b);

29 ob.meth(a, b);

31 System.out.println("a and b after call:" + a + "" + b);

32 }

33 }

35 //其运行结果为：、

36 a and b before call: 15 20

37 a and b after call: 15 20

39View Code

1 package Chap7;

3 /**

4 * Objects are passed through their references.

5 *

6 * @ClassName: Test

7 * @Description:

8 * @author 刘军/shall_liu (1136808529@qq.com)

9 * @date 2017年9月14日下午11:52:55

10 *

11 */

13 class Test {

14 int a, b;

16 Test(int i, int j) {

17 a = i;

18 b = j;

19 }

21 // pass an object

22 void meth(Test o) {

23 o.a *= 2;

24 o.b /= 2;

25 }

26 }

29 package Chap7;

31 /**

32 *

33 * @ClassName: PassObjRef

34 * @Description:

35 * @author 刘军/shall_liu (1136808529@qq.com)

36 * @date 2017年9月15日上午12:10:14

37 *

38 */

39 class PassObjRef {

40 public static void main(String args[]) {

41 Test ob = new Test(15, 20);

43 System.out.println("ob.a and ob.b before call:" + ob.a + "" + ob.b);

45 ob.meth(ob);

47 System.out.println("ob.a and ob.b after call:" + ob.a + "" + ob.b);

48 }

49 }

51 //其运行结果为；

52 ob.a and ob.b before call: 15 20

53 ob.a and ob.b after call: 30 10

54View Code

7.4 返回对象

1 package Chap7;

3 /**

4 * Objects are passed through their references.

5 *

6 * @ClassName: Test

7 * @Description:

8 * @author 刘军/shall_liu (1136808529@qq.com)

9 * @date 2017年9月14日下午11:52:55

10 *

11 */

13 class Test {

14 int a, b;

17 public Test() {

18 }

20 Test(int i) {

21 a = i;

22 }

24 Test(int i, int j) {

25 a = i;

26 b = j;

27 }

29 // pass an object

30 void meth(Test o) {

31 o.a *= 2;

32 o.b /= 2;

33 }

35 Test incrByTen() {

36 Test temp = new Test(a + 10);

37 return temp;

38 }

39 }

43 package Chap7;

45 class RetOb {

46 public static void main(String args[]) {

47 Test ob1 = new Test(2);

48 Test ob2;

50 ob2 = ob1.incrByTen();

51 System.out.println("ob1.a:" + ob1.a);

52 System.out.println("ob2.a:" + ob2.a);

54 ob2 = ob2.incrByTen();

55 System.out.println("ob2.a after second increase:" + ob2.a);

56 }

57 }

59 //

60 ob1.a: 2

61 ob2.a: 12

62 ob2.a after second increase: 22

View Code

7.5 递归

1 package Chap7;

3 //A simple example of recursion.

4 class Factorial {

5 // this is a recusive function

6 int fact(int n) {

7 int result;

9 if (n == 1)

10 return 1;

11 result = fact(n - 1) * n;

12 return result;

13 }

14 }

17 package Chap7;

19 class Recursion {

20 public static void main(String args[]) {

21 Factorial f = new Factorial();

23 System.out.println("Factorial of 3 is" + f.fact(3));

24 System.out.println("Factorial of 4 is" + f.fact(4));

25 System.out.println("Factorial of 5 is" + f.fact(5));

26 }

27 }

28 //

31 Factorial of 3 is 6

32 Factorial of 4 is 24

33 Factorial of 5 is 120

View Code

1 package Chap7;

3 //Another example that uses recursion.

5 class RecTest {

6 int values[];

8 RecTest(int i) {

9 values = new int[i];

10 }

12 // display arrary -- recursively

13 void printArray(int i) {

14 if (i == 0)

15 return;

16 else

17 printArray(i - 1);

18 System.out.println("[" + (i - 1) + "]" + values[i - 1]);

19 }

20 }

22 package Chap7;

24 class Recursion2 {

25 public static void main(String args[]) {

26 RecTest ob = new RecTest(10);

27 int i;

29 for (i = 0; i < 10; i++)

30 ob.values[i] = i;

32 ob.printArray(10);

33 }

34 }

36 //

37 [0] 0

38 [1] 1

39 [2] 2

40 [3] 3

41 [4] 4

42 [5] 5

43 [6] 6

44 [7] 7

45 [8] 8

46 [9] 9

View Code

7.6 访问控制

1 package Chap7;

3 /* This program demonstrates the difference between

4 public and private.

5 */

6 class Test {

7 int a; // default access

8 public int b; // public access

9 private int c; // private access

11 // methods to access c

12 void setc(int i) { // set c's value

13 c = i;

14 }

16 int getc() { // get c's value

17 return c;

18 }

19 }

22 package Chap7;

24 class AccessTest {

25 public static void main(String args[]) {

26 Test ob = new Test();

28 // These are OK, a and b may be accessed directly

29 ob.a = 10;

30 ob.b = 20;

32 // This is not OK and will cause an error

33 // ob.c = 100; // Error!

35 // You must access c through its methods

36 ob.setc(100); // OK

38 System.out.println("a, b, and c:" + ob.a + "" + ob.b + "" + ob.getc());

39 }

40 }

41 //

43 a, b, and c: 10 20 100

View Code

1 package Chap7;

3 //This class defines an integer stack that can hold 10 values.

4 class Stack {

5 /*

6 * Now, both stck and tos are private. This means that they cannot be

7 * accidentally or maliciously altered in a way that would be harmful to the

8 * stack.

9 */

10 private int stck[] = new int[10];

11 private int tos;

13 // Initialize top-of-stack

14 Stack() {

15 tos = -1;

16 }

18 // Push an item onto the stack

19 void push(int item) {

20 if (tos == 9)

21 System.out.println("Stack is full.");

22 else

23 stck[++tos] = item;

24 }

26 // Pop an item from the stack

27 int pop() {

28 if (tos < 0) {

29 System.out.println("Stack underflow.");

30 return 0;

31 } else

32 return stck[tos--];

33 }

34 }

View Code

1 class TestStack {

2 public static void main(String args[]) {

3 Stack mystack1 = new Stack();

4 Stack mystack2 = new Stack();

6 // push some numbers onto the stack

7 for(int i=0; i<10; i++) mystack1.push(i);

8 for(int i=10; i<20; i++) mystack2.push(i);

10 // pop those numbers off the stack

11 System.out.println("Stack in mystack1:");

12 for(int i=0; i<10; i++)

13 System.out.println(mystack1.pop());

15 System.out.println("Stack in mystack2:");

16 for(int i=0; i<10; i++)

17 System.out.println(mystack2.pop());

19 // these statements are not legal

20 // mystack1.tos = -2;

21 // mystack2.stck[3] = 100;

22 }

23 }

View Code

7.7 理解st

1 // Demonstrate static variables, methods, and blocks.

2 class UseStatic {

3 static int a = 3;

4 static int b;

6 static void meth(int x) {

7 System.out.println("x =" + x);

8 System.out.println("a =" + a);

9 System.out.println("b =" + b);

10 }

12 static {

13 System.out.println("Static block initialized.");

14 b = a * 4;

15 }

17 public static void main(String args[]) {

18 meth(42);

19 }

20 }

View Code

1 class StaticDemo {

2 static int a = 42;

3 static int b = 99;

4 static void callme() {

5 System.out.println("a =" + a);

6 }

7 }

9 class StaticByName {

10 public static void main(String args[]) {

11 StaticDemo.callme();

12 System.out.println("b =" + StaticDemo.b);

13 }

14 }

View Code

7.8 final介绍

7.9 重新审视数组

1 // This program demonstrates the length array member.

2 class Length {

3 public static void main(String args[]) {

4 int a1[] = new int[10];

5 int a2[] = {3, 5, 7, 1, 8, 99, 44, -10};

6 int a3[] = {4, 3, 2, 1};

8 System.out.println("length of a1 is" + a1.length);

9 System.out.println("length of a2 is" + a2.length);

10 System.out.println("length of a3 is" + a3.length);

11 }

12 }

View Code

1 // Improved Stack class that uses the length array member.

2 class Stack {

3 private int stck[];

4 private int tos;

6 // allocate and initialize stack

7 Stack(int size) {

8 stck = new int[size];

9 tos = -1;

10 }

12 // Push an item onto the stack

13 void push(int item) {

14 if(tos==stck.length-1) // use length member

15 System.out.println("Stack is full.");

16 else

17 stck[++tos] = item;

18 }

20 // Pop an item from the stack

21 int pop() {

22 if(tos < 0) {

23 System.out.println("Stack underflow.");

24 return 0;

25 }

26 else

27 return stck[tos--];

28 }

29 }

View Code

1 class TestStack2 {

2 public static void main(String args[]) {

3 Stack mystack1 = new Stack(5);

4 Stack mystack2 = new Stack(8);

6 // push some numbers onto the stack

7 for(int i=0; i<5; i++) mystack1.push(i);

8 for(int i=0; i<8; i++) mystack2.push(i);

10 // pop those numbers off the stack

11 System.out.println("Stack in mystack1:");

12 for(int i=0; i<5; i++)

13 System.out.println(mystack1.pop());

15 System.out.println("Stack in mystack2:");

16 for(int i=0; i<8; i++)

17 System.out.println(mystack2.pop());

18 }

19 }

View Code

7.10 嵌套类和内部类

1 // Demonstrate an inner class.

2 class Outer {

3 int outer_x = 100;

5 void test() {

6 Inner inner = new Inner();

7 inner.display();

8 }

10 // this is an innner class

11 class Inner {

12 void display() {

13 System.out.println("display: outer_x =" + outer_x);

14 }

15 }

16 }

18 class InnerClassDemo {

19 public static void main(String args[]) {

20 Outer outer = new Outer();

21 outer.test();

22 }

23 }

View Code

1 // This program will not compile.

2 class Outer {

3 int outer_x = 100;

5 void test() {

6 Inner inner = new Inner();

7 inner.display();

8 }

10 // this is an innner class

11 class Inner {

12 int y = 10; // y is local to Inner

13 void display() {

14 System.out.println("display: outer_x =" + outer_x);

15 }

16 }

18 void showy() {

19 System.out.println(y); // error, y not known here!

20 }

21 }

23 class InnerClassDemo {

24 public static void main(String args[]) {

25 Outer outer = new Outer();

26 outer.test();

27 }

28 }

View Code

2 // Define an inner class within a for loop.

3 class Outer {

4 int outer_x = 100;

6 void test() {

7 for(int i=0; i<10; i++) {

8 class Inner {

9 void display() {

10 System.out.println("display: outer_x =" + outer_x);

11 }

12 }

13 Inner inner = new Inner();

14 inner.display();

15 }

16 }

17 }

19 class InnerClassDemo {

20 public static void main(String args[]) {

21 Outer outer = new Outer();

22 outer.test();

23 }

24 }

7.11 String类介绍

1 // Demonstrating Strings.

2 class StringDemo {

3 public static void main(String args[]) {

4 String strOb1 = "First String";

5 String strOb2 = "Second String";

6 String strOb3 = strOb1 + "and" + strOb2;

8 System.out.println(strOb1);

9 System.out.println(strOb2);

10 System.out.println(strOb3);

11 }

12 }

1 // Demonstrating some String methods.

2 class StringDemo2 {

3 public static void main(String args[]) {

4 String strOb1 = "First String";

5 String strOb2 = "Second String";

6 String strOb3 = strOb1;

8 System.out.println("Length of strOb1:" + strOb1.length());

10 System.out.println("Char at index 3 in strOb1:" + strOb1.charAt(3));

12 if(strOb1.equals(strOb2)) {

13 System.out.println("strOb1 == strOb2");

14 }else{

15 System.out.println("strOb1 != strOb2");

16 }

18 if(strOb1.equals(strOb3)) {

19 System.out.println("strOb1 == strOb3");}

20 else{

21 System.out.println("strOb1 != strOb3");}

22 }

23 }

1 // Demonstrate String arrays.

2 class StringDemo3 {

3 public static void main(String args[]) {

4 String str[] = { "one", "two", "three" };

6 for(int i=0; i

7 System.out.println("str[" + i + "]:" + str[i]);

8 }

9 }

7.12 使用命令行参数

1 class CommandLine {

2 public static void main(String args[]) {

3 for(int i=0; i

4 System.out.println("args[" + i + "]:" + args[i]);

5 }

6 }

7.13 varargs：可变长度参数

1 // Use an array to pass a variable number of

2 // arguments to a method.

3 class PassArray {

4 static void vaTest(int v[]) {

5 System.out.print("Number of args:" + v.length + "Contents:");

7 for(int x : v){

8 System.out.print(x + "");

9 }

10 System.out.println();

11 }

13 public static void main(String args[])

14 {

15 // Notice how an array must be created to

16 // hold the arguments.

17 int n1[] = { 10 };

18 int n2[] = { 1, 2, 3 };

19 int n3[] = { };

21 vaTest(n1); // 1 arg

22 vaTest(n2); // 3 args

23 vaTest(n3); // no args

24 }

25 }

1 // Demonstrate variable-length arguments.

2 class VarArgs {

4 // vaTest() now uses a vararg.

5 static void vaTest(int ... v) {

6 System.out.print("Number of args:" + v.length + "Contents:");

8 for(int x : v) {

9 System.out.print(x + "");

10 }

11 System.out.println();

12 }

14 public static void main(String args[])

15 {

17 // Notice how vaTest() can be called with a

18 // variable number of arguments.

19 vaTest(10); // 1 arg

20 vaTest(1, 2, 3); // 3 args

21 vaTest(); // no args

22 }

23 }

1 // Use varargs with standard arguments.

2 class VarArgs2 {

4 // Here, msg is a normal parameter and v is a

5 // varargs parameter.

6 static void vaTest(String msg, int ... v) {

7 System.out.print(msg + v.length +

8 "Contents:");

10 for(int x : v) {

11 System.out.print(x + "");

12 }

14 System.out.println();

15 }

17 public static void main(String args[])

18 {

19 vaTest("One vararg:", 10);

20 vaTest("Three varargs:", 1, 2, 3);

21 vaTest("No varargs:");

22 }

23 }

7.13.1 重载varargs方法

1 // Varargs and overloading.

2 class VarArgs3 {

4 static void vaTest(int ... v) {

5 System.out.print("vaTest(int ...):" + "Number of args:" + v.length + "Contents:");

7 for(int x : v) {

8 System.out.print(x + "");

9 }

10 System.out.println();

11 }

13 static void vaTest(boolean ... v) {

14 System.out.print("vaTest(boolean ...)" + "Number of args:" + v.length + "Contents:");

16 for(boolean x : v) {

17 System.out.print(x + "");

18 }

19 System.out.println();

20 }

22 static void vaTest(String msg, int ... v) {

23 System.out.print("vaTest(String, int ...):" + msg + v.length + "Contents:");

25 for(int x : v) {

26 System.out.print(x + "");

27 }

28 System.out.println();

29 }

31 public static void main(String args[])

32 {

33 vaTest(1, 2, 3);

34 vaTest("Testing:", 10, 20);

35 vaTest(true, false, false);

7.13.2 varargs方法与模糊性

1 // Varargs, overloading, and ambiguity.

2 //

3 // This program contains an error and will

4 // not compile!

5 class VarArgs4 {

7 static void vaTest(int ... v) {

8 System.out.print("vaTest(Integer ...):" + "Number of args:" + v.length + "Contents:");

10 for(int x : v) {

11 System.out.print(x + "");

12 }

13 System.out.println();

14 }

16 static void vaTest(boolean ... v) {

17 System.out.print("vaTest(boolean ...)" + "Number of args:" + v.length + "Contents:");

19 for(boolean x : v) {

20 System.out.print(x + "");

21 }

22 System.out.println();

23 }

26 public static void main(String args[])

27 {

28 vaTest(1, 2, 3); // OK

29 vaTest(true, false, false); // OK

31 vaTest(); // Error: Ambiguous!

32 }

33 }

第8章继承

8.1 继承的基础知识

1 // A simple example of inheritance.

3 // Create a superclass.

4 class A {

5 int i, j;

7 void showij() {

8 System.out.println("i and j:" + i + "" + j);

9 }

10 }

12 // Create a subclass by extending class A.

13 class B extends A {

14 int k;

16 void showk() {

17 System.out.println("k:" + k);

18 }

19 void sum() {

20 System.out.println("i+j+k:" + (i+j+k));

21 }

22 }

24 class SimpleInheritance {

25 public static void main(String args[]) {

26 A superOb = new A();

27 B subOb = new B();

29 // The superclass may be used by itself.

30 superOb.i = 10;

31 superOb.j = 20;

32 System.out.println("Contents of superOb:");

33 superOb.showij();

34 System.out.println();

36 /* The subclass has access to all public members of

37 its superclass. */

38 subOb.i = 7;

39 subOb.j = 8;

40 subOb.k = 9;

41 System.out.println("Contents of subOb:");

42 subOb.showij();

43 subOb.showk();

44 System.out.println();

46 System.out.println("Sum of i, j and k in subOb:");

47 subOb.sum();

48 }

49 }

8.1.1 成员访问与继承

1 /* In a class hierarchy, private members remain

2 private to their class.

4 This program contains an error and will not

5 compile.

6 */

8 // Create a superclass.

9 class A {

10 int i; // public be default

11 private int j; // private to A

13 void setij(int x, int y) {

14 i = x;

15 j = y;

16 }

17 }

19 // A's j is not accessible here.

20 class B extends A {

21 int total;

23 void sum() {

24 total = i + j; // ERROR, j is not accessible here

25 }

26 }

28 class Access {

29 public static void main(String args[]) {

30 B subOb = new B();

32 subOb.setij(10, 12);

34 subOb.sum();

35 System.out.println("Total is" + subOb.total);

36 }

37 }

8.1.2 一个更实际的例子

1 // This program uses inheritance to extend Box.

2 class Box {

3 double width;

4 double height;

5 double depth;

7 // construct clone of an object

8 Box(Box ob) { // pass object to constructor

9 width = ob.width;

10 height = ob.height;

11 depth = ob.depth;

12 }

14 // constructor used when all dimensions specified

15 Box(double w, double h, double d) {

16 width = w;

17 height = h;

18 depth = d;

19 }

21 // constructor used when no dimensions specified

22 Box() {

23 width = -1; // use -1 to indicate

24 height = -1; // an uninitialized

25 depth = -1; // box

26 }

28 // constructor used when cube is created

29 Box(double len) {

30 width = height = depth = len;

31 }

33 // compute and return volume

34 double volume() {

35 return width * height * depth;

36 }

37 }

39 // Here, Box is extened to include weight.

40 class BoxWeight extends Box {

41 double weight; // weight of box

43 // constructor for BoxWeight

44 BoxWeight(double w, double h, double d, double m) {

45 width = w;

46 height = h;

47 depth = d;

48 weight = m;

49 }

50 }

52 class DemoBoxWeight {

53 public static void main(String args[]) {

54 BoxWeight mybox1 = new BoxWeight(10, 20, 15, 34.3);

55 BoxWeight mybox2 = new BoxWeight(2, 3, 4, 0.076);

56 double vol;

58 vol = mybox1.volume();

59 System.out.println("Volume of mybox1 is" + vol);

60 System.out.println("Weight of mybox1 is" + mybox1.weight);

61 System.out.println();

63 vol = mybox2.volume();

64 System.out.println("Volume of mybox2 is" + vol);

65 System.out.println("Weight of mybox2 is" + mybox2.weight);

66 }

67 }

1 // Here, Box is extended to include color.

2 class ColorBox extends Box {

3 int color; // color of box

5 ColorBox(double w, double h, double d, int c) {

6 width = w;

7 height = h;

8 depth = d;

9 color = c;

10 }

11 }

8.1.3 超类变量可以引用子类对象

1 class RefDemo {

2 public static void main(String args[]) {

3 BoxWeight weightbox = new BoxWeight(3, 5, 7, 8.37);

4 Box plainbox = new Box();

5 double vol;

7 vol = weightbox.volume();

8 System.out.println("Volume of weightbox is" + vol);

9 System.out.println("Weight of weightbox is" + weightbox.weight);

10 System.out.println();

12 // assign BoxWeight reference to Box reference

13 plainbox = weightbox;

15 vol = plainbox.volume(); // OK, volume() defined in Box

16 System.out.println("Volume of plainbox is" + vol);

18 /* The following statement is invalid because plainbox

19 does not define a weight member. */

20 // System.out.println("Weight of plainbox is " + plainbox.weight);

21 }

22 }

8.2 使用super关键字

8.2.1 使用super调用超类的构造函数

1 // BoxWeight now uses super to initialize its Box attributes.

2 class BoxWeight extends Box {

3 double weight; // weight of box

5 // initialize width, height, and depth using super()

6 BoxWeight(double w, double h, double d, double m) {

7 super(w, h, d); // call superclass constructor

8 weight = m;

9 }

10 }

1 // A complete implementation of BoxWeight.

2 class Box {

3 private double width;

4 private double height;

5 private double depth;

7 // construct clone of an object

8 Box(Box ob) { // pass object to constructor

9 width double h, double d) {

10 width = w;

11 height = h;

12 depth = d;

13 }

15 // constructor used when no dimensions specified

16 Box() {

17 width = -1; // use -1 to indicate

18 height = -1; // an uninitialized

19 depth = -1; // box

20 }

21 = ob.width;

22 height = ob.height;

23 depth = ob.depth;

24 }

26 // constructor used when all dimensions specified

27 Box(double w,

28 // constructor used when cube is created

29 Box(double len) {

30 width = height = depth = len;

31 }

33 // compute and return volume

34 double volume() {

35 return width * height * depth;

36 }

37 }

39 // BoxWeight now fully implements all constructors.

40 class BoxWeight extends Box {

41 double weight; // weight of box

43 // construct clone of an object

44 BoxWeight(BoxWeight ob) { // pass object to constructor

45 super(ob);

46 weight = ob.weight;

47 }

49 // constructor when all parameters are specified

50 BoxWeight(double w, double h, double d, double m) {

51 super(w, h, d); // call superclass constructor

52 weight = m;

53 }

55 // default constructor

56 BoxWeight() {

57 super();

58 weight = -1;

59 }

61 // constructor used when cube is created

62 BoxWeight(double len, double m) {

63 super(len);

64 weight = m;

65 }

66 }

68 class DemoSuper {

69 public static void main(String args[]) {

70 BoxWeight mybox1 = new BoxWeight(10, 20, 15, 34.3);

71 BoxWeight mybox2 = new BoxWeight(2, 3, 4, 0.076);

72 BoxWeight mybox3 = new BoxWeight(); // default

73 BoxWeight mycube = new BoxWeight(3, 2);

74 BoxWeight myclone = new BoxWeight(mybox1);

75 double vol;

77 vol = mybox1.volume();

78 System.out.println("Volume of mybox1 is" + vol);

79 System.out.println("Weight of mybox1 is" + mybox1.weight);

80 System.out.println();

82 vol = mybox2.volume();

83 System.out.println("Volume of mybox2 is" + vol);

84 System.out.println("Weight of mybox2 is" + mybox2.weight);

85 System.out.println();

87 vol = mybox3.volume();

88 System.out.println("Volume of mybox3 is" + vol);

89 System.out.println("Weight of mybox3 is" + mybox3.weight);

90 System.out.println();

92 vol = myclone.volume();

93 System.out.println("Volume of myclone is" + vol);

94 System.out.println("Weight of myclone is" + myclone.weight);

95 System.out.println();

97 vol = mycube.volume();

98 System.out.println("Volume of mycube is" + vol);

99 System.out.println("Weight of mycube is" + mycube.weight);

100 System.out.println();

101 }

102 }

103

1 // construct clone of an object

2 BoxWeight(BoxWeight ob) { // pass object to constructor

3 super(ob);

4 weight = ob.weight;

5 }

8.2.2 super的另一种用法

1 // Using super to overcome name hiding.

2 class A {

3 int i;

4 }

6 // Create a subclass by extending class A.

7 class B extends A {

8 int i; // this i hides the i in A

10 B(int a, int b) {

11 super.i = a; // i in A

12 i = b; // i in B

13 }

15 void show() {

16 System.out.println("i in superclass:" + super.i);

17 System.out.println("i in subclass:" + i);

18 }

19 }

21 class UseSuper {

22 public static void main(String args[]) {

23 B subOb = new B(1, 2);

25 subOb.show();

26 }

27 }

8.3 创建多级继承层次

1 // Extend BoxWeight to include shipping costs.

3 // Start with Box.

4 class Box {

5 private double width;

6 private double height;

7 private double depth;

9 // construct clone of an object

10 Box(Box ob) { // pass object to constructor

11 width = ob.width;

12 height = ob.height;

13 depth = ob.depth;

14 }

16 // constructor used when all dimensions specified

17 Box(double w, double h, double d) {

18 width = w;

19 height = h;

20 depth = d;

21 }

23 // constructor used when no dimensions specified

24 Box() {

25 width = -1; // use -1 to indicate

26 height = -1; // an uninitialized

27 depth = -1; // box

28 }

30 // constructor used when cube is created

31 Box(double len) {

32 width = height = depth = len;

33 }

35 // compute and return volume

36 double volume() {

37 return width * height * depth;

38 }

39 }

41 // Add weight.

42 class BoxWeight extends Box {

43 double weight; // weight of box

45 // construct clone of an object

46 BoxWeight(BoxWeight ob) { // pass object to constructor

47 super(ob);

48 weight = ob.weight;

49 }

51 // constructor when all parameters are specified

52 BoxWeight(double w, double h, double d, double m) {

53 super(w, h, d); // call superclass constructor

54 weight = m;

55 }

57 // default constructor

58 BoxWeight() {

59 super();

60 weight = -1;

61 }

63 // constructor used when cube is created

64 BoxWeight(double len, double m) {

65 super(len);

66 weight = m;

67 }

68 }

70 // Add shipping costs

71 class Shipment extends BoxWeight {

72 double cost;

74 // construct clone of an object

75 Shipment(Shipment ob) { // pass object to constructor

76 super(ob);

77 cost = ob.cost;

78 }

80 // constructor when all parameters are specified

81 Shipment(double w, double h, double d,

82 double m, double c) {

83 super(w, h, d, m); // call superclass constructor

84 cost = c;

85 }

87 // default constructor

88 Shipment() {

89 super();

90 cost = -1;

91 }

93 // constructor used when cube is created

94 Shipment(double len, double m, double c) {

95 super(len, m);

96 cost = c;

97 }

98 }

100 class DemoShipment {

101 public static void main(String args[]) {

102 Shipment shipment1 =

103 new Shipment(10, 20, 15, 10, 3.41);

104 Shipment shipment2 =

105 new Shipment(2, 3, 4, 0.76, 1.28);

106

107 double vol;

108

109 vol = shipment1.volume();

110 System.out.println("Volume of shipment1 is" + vol);

111 System.out.println("Weight of shipment1 is"

112

8.4 构造函数的调用时机

1 // Demonstrate when constructors are called.

3 // Create a super class.

4 class A {

5 A() {

6 System.out.println("Inside A's constructor.");

7 }

8 }

10 // Create a subclass by extending class A.

11 class B extends A {

12 B() {

13 System.out.println("Inside B's constructor.");

14 }

15 }

17 // Create another subclass by extending B.

18 class C extends B {

19 C() {

20 System.out.println("Inside C's constructor.");

21 }

22 }

24 class CallingCons {

25 public static void main(String args[]) {

26 C c = new C();

27 }

28 }

8.5 方法重写

1 // Method overriding.

2 class A {

3 int i, j;

5 A(int a, int b) {

6 i = a;

7 j = b;

8 }

10 // display i and j

11 void show() {

12 System.out.println("i and j:" + i + "" + j);

13 }

14 }

16 class B extends A {

17 int k;

19 B(int a, int b, int c) {

20 super(a, b);

21 k = c;

22 }

24 // display k -- this overrides show() in A

25 void show() {

26 System.out.println("k:" + k);

27 }

28 }

30 class Override {

31 public static void main(String args[]) {

32 B subOb = new B(1, 2, 3);

34 subOb.show(); // this calls show() in B

35 }

36 }

1 class B extends A {

2 int k;

4 B(int a, int b, int c) {

5 super(a, b);

6 k = c;

7 }

9 void show() {

10 super.show(); // this calls A's show()

11 System.out.println("k:" + k);

12 }

13 }

1 // Methods with differing type signatures are overloaded -- not overridden.

2 class A {

3 int i, j;

5 A(int a, int b) {

6 i = a;

7 j = b;

8 }

10 // display i and j

11 void show() {

12 System.out.println("i and j:" + i + "" + j);

13 }

14 }

16 // Create a subclass by extending class A.

17 class B extends A {

18 int k;

20 B(int a, int b, int c) {

21 super(a, b);

22 k = c;

23 }

25 // overload show()

26 void show(String msg) {

27 System.out.println(msg + k);

28 }

29 }

31 class Override {

32 public static void main(String args[]) {

33 B subOb = new B(1, 2, 3);

35 subOb.show("This is k:"); // this calls show() in B

36 subOb.show(); // this calls show() in A

37 }

38 }

8.6 动态方法调度

1 // Dynamic Method Dispatch

2 class A {

3 void callme() {

4 System.out.println("Inside A's callme method");

5 }

6 }

8 class B extends A {

9 // override callme()

10 void callme() {

11 System.out.println("Inside B's callme method");

12 }

13 }

15 class C extends A {

16 // override callme()

17 void callme() {

18 System.out.println("Inside C's callme method");

19 }

20 }

22 class Dispatch {

23 public static void main(String args[]) {

24 A a = new A(); // object of type A

25 B b = new B(); // object of type B

26 C c = new C(); // object of type C

27 A r; // obtain a reference of type A

29 r = a; // r refers to an A object

30 r.callme(); // calls A's version of callme

32 r = b; // r refers to a B object

33 r.callme(); // calls B's version of callme

35 r = c; // r refers to a C object

36 r.callme(); // calls C's version of callme

37 }

38 }

8.6.1 重写方法的目的

8.6.2 应用方法重写

1 // Using run-time polymorphism.

2 class Figure {

3 double dim1;

4 double dim2;

6 Figure(double a, double b) {

7 dim1 = a;

8 dim2 = b;

9 }

11 double area() {

12 System.out.println("Area for Figure is undefined.");

13 return 0;

14 }

15 }

17 class Rectangle extends Figure {

18 Rectangle(double a, double b) {

19 super(a, b);

20 }

22 // override area for rectangle

23 double area() {

24 System.out.println("Inside Area for Rectangle.");

25 return dim1 * dim2;

26 }

27 }

29 class Triangle extends Figure {

30 Triangle(double a, double b) {

31 super(a, b);

32 }

34 // override area for right triangle

35 double area() {

36 System.out.println("Inside Area for Triangle.");

37 return dim1 * dim2 / 2;

38 }

39 }

41 class FindAreas {

42 public static void main(String args[]) {

43 Figure f = new Figure(10, 10);

44 Rectangle r = new Rectangle(9, 5);

45 Triangle t = new Triangle(10, 8);

47 Figure figref;

49 figref = r;

50 System.out.println("Area is" + figref.area());

52 figref = t;

53 System.out.println("Area is" + figref.area());

55 figref = f;

56 System.out.println("Area is" + figref.area());

57 }

58 }

8.7 使用抽象类

1 // A Simple demonstration of abstract.

2 abstract class A {

3 abstract void callme();

5 // concrete methods are still allowed in abstract classes

6 void callmetoo() {

7 System.out.println("This is a concrete method.");

8 }

9 }

11 class B extends A {

12 void callme() {

13 System.out.println("B's implementation of callme.");

14 }

15 }

17 class AbstractDemo {

18 public static void main(String args[]) {

19 B b = new B();

21 b.callme();

22 b.callmetoo();

23 }

24 }

1 // Using abstract methods and classes.

2 abstract class Figure {

3 double dim1;

4 double dim2;

6 Figure(double a, double b) {

7 dim1 = a;

8 dim2 = b;

9 }

11 // area is now an an abstract method

12 abstract double area();

13 }

15 class Rectangle extends Figure {

16 Rectangle(double a, double b) {

17 super(a, b);

18 }

20 // override area for rectangle

21 double area() {

22 System.out.println("Inside Area for Rectangle.");

23 return dim1 * dim2;

24 }

25 }

27 class Triangle extends Figure {

28 Triangle(double a, double b) {

29 super(a, b);

30 }

32 // override area for right triangle

33 double area() {

34 System.out.println("Inside Area for Triangle.");

35 return dim1 * dim2 / 2;

36 }

37 }

39 class AbstractAreas {

40 public static void main(String args[]) {

41 // Figure f = new Figure(10, 10); // illegal now

42 Rectangle r = new Rectangle(9, 5);

43 Triangle t = new Triangle(10, 8);

45 Figure figref; // this is OK, no object is created

47 figref = r;

48 System.out.println("Area is" + figref.area());

50 figref = t;

51 System.out.println("Area is" + figref.area());

52 }

53 }

8.8 在继承中使用final关键字

8.8.1 使用final关键字阻止重写

1 class A {

2 final void meth() {

3 System.out.println("This is a final method.");

4 }

5 }

7 class B extends A {

8 void meth() { // ERROR! Can't override.

9 System.out.println("Illegal!");

10 }

11 }

8.8.2 使用final关键字阻止继承

1 final class A {

2 // ...

3 }

5 // The following class is illegal.

6 class B extends A { // ERROR! Can't subclass A

7 // ...

8 }

8.9 Object类

第9章包和接口

9.1 包

9.1.1 定义包

9.1.2 包查找与CLASSPATH

9.1.3 一个简短的包示例

1 // A simple package

2 package MyPack;

4 class Balance {

5 String name;

6 double bal;

8 Balance(String n, double b) {

9 name = n;

10 bal = b;

11 }

13 void show() {

14 if(bal<0)

15 System.out.print("-->>");

16 System.out.println(name + ": $" + bal);

17 }

18 }

20 class AccountBalance {

21 public static void main(String args[]) {

22 Balance current[] = new Balance[3];

24 current[0] = new Balance("K. J. Fielding", 123.23);

25 current[1] = new Balance("Will Tell", 157.02);

26 current[2] = new Balance("Tom Jackson", -12.33);

28 for(int i=0; i<3; i++) current[i].show();

29 }

30 }

9.2 访问保护

1 package p1;

3 public class Protection {

4 int n = 1;

5 private int n_pri = 2;

6 protected int n_pro = 3;

7 public int n_pub = 4;

9 public Protection() {

10 System.out.println("base constructor");

11 System.out.println("n =" + n);

12 System.out.println("n_pri =" + n_pri);

13 System.out.println("n_pro =" + n_pro);

14 System.out.println("n_pub =" + n_pub);

15 }

16 }

18 class Derived extends Protection {

19 Derived() {

20 System.out.println("derived constructor");

21 System.out.println("n =" + n);

23 // class only

24 // System.out.println("n_pri = " + n_pri);

26 System.out.println("n_pro =" + n_pro);

27 System.out.println("n_pub =" + n_pub);

28 }

29 }

31 class SamePackage {

32 SamePackage() {

33 Protection p = new Protection();

34 System.out.println("same package constructor");

35 System.out.println("n =" + p.n);

37 // class only

38 // System.out.println("n_pri = " + p.n_pri);

40 System.out.println("n_pro =" + p.n_pro);

41 System.out.println("n_pub =" + p.n_pub);

42 }

43 }

1 package p2;

3 class Protection2 extends p1.Protection {

4 Protection2() {

5 System.out.println("derived other package constructor");

7 // class or package only

8 // System.out.println("n = " + n);

10 // class only

11 // System.out.println("n_pri = " + n_pri);

13 System.out.println("n_pro =" + n_pro);

14 System.out.println("n_pub =" + n_pub);

15 }

16 }

18 class OtherPackage {

19 OtherPackage() {

20 p1.Protection p = new p1.Protection();

21 System.out.println("other package constructor");

23 // class or package only

24 // System.out.println("n = " + p.n);

26 // class only

27 // System.out.println("n_pri = " + p.n_pri);

29 // class, subclass or package only

30 // System.out.println("n_pro = " + p.n_pro);

32 System.out.println("n_pub =" + p.n_pub);

33 }

34 }

1 // Demo package p1.

2 package p1;

4 // Instantiate the various classes in p1.

5 public class Demo {

6 public static void main(String args[]) {

7 Protection ob1 = new Protection();

8 Derived ob2 = new Derived();

9 SamePackage ob3 = new SamePackage();

10 }

11 }

1 // Demo package p2.

2 package p2;

4 // Instantiate the various classes in p2.

5 public class Demo {

6 public static void main(String args[]) {

7 Protection2 ob1 = new Protection2();

8 OtherPackage ob2 = new OtherPackage();

9 }

10 }

9.3 导入包

1 package JavaBase_ReferenceNanual.Chap9.listing8.MyPack;

3 /**

4 * 项目名称：JavaEE_Base

5 * 类名称：Balance

6 * 类描述： Now, the Balance class, its constructor,

7 * and its show() method are public. This means that they can be used by

8 * non-subclass code outside their package.

9 * 创建人： shall_liu(1136808529@qq.com)

10 * 创建时间：2017年9月21日上午12:01:36

11 * 修改人：amin

12 * 修改时间：2017年9月21日上午12:01:36

13 * 修改备注：

14 * @version

15 */

16 public class Balance {

17 String name;

18 double bal;

20 public Balance(String n, double b) {

21 name = n;

22 bal = b;

23 }

25 public void show() {

26 if (bal < 0)

27 System.out.print("-->>");

28 System.out.println(name + ": $" + bal);

29 }

30 }

1 package JavaBase_ReferenceNanual.Chap9.listing9.MyPack;

3 import JavaBase_ReferenceNanual.Chap9.listing8.MyPack.*;

4 /**

5 *

6 *

7 * 项目名称：JavaEE_Base

8 * 类名称：TestBalance

9 * 类描述：

10 * 创建人： shall_liu(1136808529@qq.com)

11 * 创建时间：2017年9月21日上午12:06:30

12 * 修改人：amin

13 * 修改时间：2017年9月21日上午12:06:30

14 * 修改备注：

15 * @version

16 *

17 */

18 class TestBalance {

19 public static void main(String args[]) {

21 /* Because Balance is public, you may use Balance

22 class and call its constructor. */

23 Balance test = new Balance("J. J. Jaspers", 99.88);

25 test.show(); // you may also call show()

26 }

27 }

9.4 接口

9.4.1 定义接口

9.4.2 实现接口

1 package JavaBase_ReferenceNanual.Chap9.listing9.MyPack;

3 import javax.security.auth.callback.Callback;

5 class Client implements Callback {

6 // Implement Callback's interface

7 public void callback(int p) {

8 System.out.println("callback called with" + p);

9 }

11 void nonIfaceMeth() {

12 System.out.println("Classes that implement interfaces" + "may also define other members, too.");

13 }

14 }

16 package JavaBase_ReferenceNanual.Chap9.listing9.MyPack;

18 import javax.security.auth.callback.Callback;

19 /**

20 *

21 *

22 * 项目名称：JavaEE_Base

23 * 类名称：TestIface

24 * 类描述：

25 * 创建人： shall_liu(1136808529@qq.com)

26 * 创建时间：2017年9月21日上午1:00:06

27 * 修改人：amin

28 * 修改时间：2017年9月21日上午1:00:06

29 * 修改备注：

30 * @version

31 *

32 */

33 class TestIface {

34 public static void main(String args[]) {

35 Callback c = new Client();

36 ((Client) c).callback(42);

37 }

38 }

39 //运行结果为

40 callback called with 42

1 package JavaBase_ReferenceNanual.Chap9.listing9.MyPack;

3 import javax.security.auth.callback.Callback;

5 /**

6 *

7 *

8 * 项目名称：JavaEE_Base

9 * 类名称：AnotherClient

10 * 类描述： Another implementation of Callback.

11 * 创建人： shall_liu(1136808529@qq.com)

12 * 创建时间：2017年9月21日上午1:03:26

13 * 修改人：amin

14 * 修改时间：2017年9月21日上午1:03:26

15 * 修改备注：

16 * @version

17 *

18 */

19 class AnotherClient implements Callback {

20 // Implement Callback's interface

21 public void callback(int p) {

22 System.out.println("Another version of callback");

23 System.out.println("p squared is" + (p * p));

24 }

25 }

28 package JavaBase_ReferenceNanual.Chap9.listing9.MyPack;

30 import javax.security.auth.callback.Callback;

32 class Client implements Callback {

33 // Implement Callback's interface

34 public void callback(int p) {

35 System.out.println("callback called with" + p);

36 }

38 void nonIfaceMeth() {

39 System.out.println("Classes that implement interfaces" + "may also define other members, too.");

40 }

41 }

43 package JavaBase_ReferenceNanual.Chap9.listing9.MyPack;

45 import javax.security.auth.callback.Callback;

47 /**

48 *

49 *

50 * 项目名称：JavaEE_Base

51 * 类名称：TestIface2

52 * 类描述：

53 * 创建人： shall_liu(1136808529@qq.com)

54 * 创建时间：2017年9月21日上午1:04:49

55 * 修改人：amin

56 * 修改时间：2017年9月21日上午1:04:49

57 * 修改备注：

58 * @version

59 *

60 */

62 class TestIface2 {

63 public static void main(String args[]) {

64 Callback c = new Client();

65 AnotherClient ob = new AnotherClient();

67 ((Client) c).callback(42);

69 c = ob; // c now refers to AnotherClient object

70 ((Client) c).callback(42);

71 }

72 }

9.4.3 嵌套接口

1 // A nested interface example.

3 // This class contains a member interface.

4 class A {

5 // this is a nested interface

6 public interface NestedIF {

7 boolean isNotNegative(int x);

8 }

9 }

11 // B implements the nested interface.

12 class B implements A.NestedIF {

13 public boolean isNotNegative(int x) {

14 return x < 0 ? false : true;

15 }

16 }

18 class NestedIFDemo {

19 public static void main(String args[]) {

21 // use a nested interface reference

22 A.NestedIF nif = new B();

24 if(nif.isNotNegative(10))

25 System.out.println("10 is not negative");

26 if(nif.isNotNegative(-12))

27 System.out.println("this won't be displayed");

28 }

29 }

9.4.4 应用接口

1 // Define an integer stack interface.

2 interface IntStack {

3 void push(int item); // store an item

4 int pop(); // retrieve an item

5 }

7 // An implementation of IntStack that uses fixed storage.

8 class FixedStack implements IntStack {

9 private int stck[];

10 private int tos;

12 // allocate and initialize stack

13 FixedStack(int size) {

14 stck = new int[size];

15 tos = -1;

16 }

18 // Push an item onto the stack

19 public void push(int item) {

20 if(tos==stck.length-1) // use length member

21 System.out.println("Stack is full.");

22 else

23 stck[++tos] = item;

24 }

26 // Pop an item from the stack

27 public int pop() {

28 if(tos < 0) {

29 System.out.println("Stack underflow.");

30 return 0;

31 }

32 else

33 return stck[tos--];

34 }

35 }

37 class IFTest {

38 public static void main(String args[]) {

39 FixedStack mystack1 = new FixedStack(5);

40 FixedStack mystack2 = new FixedStack(8);

42 // push some numbers onto the stack

43 for(int i=0; i<5; i++) mystack1.push(i);

44 for(int i=0; i<8; i++) mystack2.push(i);

46 // pop those numbers off the stack

47 System.out.println("Stack in mystack1:");

48 for(int i=0; i<5; i++)

49 System.out.println(mystack1.pop());

51 System.out.println("Stack in mystack2:");

52 for(int i=0; i<8; i++)

53 System.out.println(mystack2.pop());

54 }

55 }

1 // Define an integer stack interface.

2 interface IntStack {

3 void push(int item); // store an item

4 int pop(); // retrieve an item

5 }

7 // Implement a "growable" stack.

8 class DynStack implements IntStack {

9 private int stck[];

10 private int tos;

12 // allocate and initialize stack

13 DynStack(int size) {

14 stck = new int[size];

15 tos = -1;

16 }

18 // Push an item onto the stack

19 public void push(int item) {

20 // if stack is full, allocate a larger stack

21 if(tos==stck.length-1) {

22 int temp[] = new int[stck.length * 2]; // double size

23 for(int i=0; i

24 stck = temp;

25 stck[++tos] = item;

26 }

27 else

28 stck[++tos] = item;

29 }

31 // Pop an item from the stack

32 public int pop() {

33 if(tos < 0) {

34 System.out.println("Stack underflow.");

35 return 0;

36 }

37 else

38 return stck[tos--];

39 }

40 }

42 class IFTest2 {

43 public static void main(String args[]) {

44 DynStack mystack1 = new DynStack(5);

45 DynStack mystack2 = new DynStack(8);

47 // these loops cause each stack to grow

48 for(int i=0; i<12; i++) mystack1.push(i);

49 for(int i=0; i<20; i++) mystack2.push(i);

51 System.out.println("Stack in mystack1:");

52 for(int i=0; i<12; i++)

53 System.out.println(mystack1.pop());

55 System.out.println("Stack in mystack2:");

56 for(int i=0; i<20; i++)

57 System.out.println(mystack2.pop());

58 }

59 }

1 /* Create an interface variable and

2 access stacks through it.

3 */

4 class IFTest3 {

5 public static void main(String args[]) {

6 IntStack mystack; // create an interface reference variable

7 DynStack ds = new DynStack(5);

8 FixedStack fs = new FixedStack(8);

10 mystack = ds; // load dynamic stack

11 // push some numbers onto the stack

12 for(int i=0; i<12; i++) mystack.push(i);

14 mystack = fs; // load fixed stack

15 for(int i=0; i<8; i++) mystack.push(i);

18 mystack = ds;

19 System.out.println("Values in dynamic stack:");

20 for(int i=0; i<12; i++)

21 System.out.println(mystack.pop());

23 mystack = fs;

24 System.out.println("Values in fixed stack:");

25 for(int i=0; i<8; i++)

26 System.out.println(mystack.pop());

27 }

28 }

9.4.5 接口中的变量

1 import java.util.Random;

3 interface SharedConstants {

4 int NO = 0;

5 int YES = 1;

6 int MAYBE = 2;

7 int LATER = 3;

8 int SOON = 4;

9 int NEVER = 5;

10 }

12 class Question implements SharedConstants {

13 Random rand = new Random();

14 int ask() {

15 int prob = (int) (100 * rand.nextDouble());

16 if (prob < 30)

17 return NO; // 30%

18 else if (prob < 60)

19 return YES; // 30%

20 else if (prob < 75)

21 return LATER; // 15%

22 else if (prob < 98)

23 return SOON; // 13%

24 else

25 return NEVER; // 2%

26 }

27 }

29 class AskMe implements SharedConstants {

30 static void answer(int result) {

31 switch(result) {

32 case NO:

33 System.out.println("No");

34 break;

35 case YES:

36 System.out.println("Yes");

37 break;

38 case MAYBE:

39 System.out.println("Maybe");

40 break;

41 case LATER:

42 System.out.println("Later");

43 break;

44 case SOON:

45 System.out.println("Soon");

46 break;

47 case NEVER:

48 System.out.println("Never");

49 break;

50 }

51 }

53 public static void main(String args[]) {

54 Question q = new Question();

55 answer(q.ask());

56 answer(q.ask());

57 answer(q.ask());

58 answer(q.ask());

59 }

60 }

9.4.6 接口可以扩展

1 // One interface an extend another.

2 interface A {

3 void meth1();

4 void meth2();

5 }

7 // B now includes meth1() and meth2() -- it adds meth3().

8 interface B extends A {

9 void meth3();

10 }

12 // This class must implement all of A and B

13 class MyClass implements B {

14 public void meth1() {

15 System.out.println("Implement meth1().");

16 }

18 public void meth2() {

19 System.out.println("Implement meth2().");

20 }

22 public void meth3() {

23 System.out.println("Implement meth3().");

24 }

25 }

27 class IFExtend {

28 public static void main(String arg[]) {

29 MyClass ob = new MyClass();

31 ob.meth1();

32 ob.meth2();

33 ob.meth3();

34 }

35 }

9.5 默认接口方法

9.5.1 默认方法的基础知识

1 public interface MyIF {

2 // This is a "normal" interface method declaration.

3 // It does NOT define a default implementation.

4 int getNumber();

6 // This is a default method. Notice that it provides

7 // a default implementation.

8 default String getString() {

9 return "Default String";

10 }

11 }

1 // Implement MyIF.

2 class MyIFImp implements MyIF {

3 // Only getNumber() defined by MyIF needs to be implemented.

4 // getString() can be allowed to default.

5 public int getNumber() {

6 return 100;

7 }

8 }

1 // Use the default method.

2 class DefaultMethodDemo {

3 public static void main(String args[]) {

5 MyIFImp obj = new MyIFImp();

7 // Can call getNumber(), because it is explicitly

8 // implemented by MyIFImp:

9 System.out.println(obj.getNumber());

11 // Can also call getString(), because of default

12 // implementation:

13 System.out.println(obj.getString());

14 }

15 }

1 class MyIFImp2 implements MyIF {

2 // Here, implementations for both getNumber( ) and getString( ) are provided.

3 public int getNumber() {

4 return 100;

5 }

7 public String getString() {

8 return "This is a different string.";

9 }

10 }

9.5.2 一个更加实用的例子

1 interface IntStack {

2 void push(int item); // store an item

3 int pop(); // retrieve an item

5 // Because clear( ) has a default, it need not be

6 // implemented by a preexisting class that uses IntStack.

7 default void clear() {

8 System.out.println("clear() not implemented.");

9 }

10 }

9.5.3 多级继承的问题

9.6 在接口中使用静态方法

1 public interface MyIF {

2 // This is a "normal" interface method declaration.

3 // It does NOT define a default implementation.

4 int getNumber();

6 // This is a default method. Notice that it provides

7 // a default implementation.

8 default String getString() {

9 return "Default String";

10 }

12 // This is a static interface method.

13 static int getDefaultNumber() {

14 return 0;

15 }

16 }

9.7 关于包和接口的最后说明

黄业文

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java 8编程官方参考教程第9版_学习笔记(二)--->《Java 8编程官方参考教程（第9版）.pdf》:第七章到九章学习笔记...

注：本文声明事项。本博文整理者：刘军本博文出自于：《Java8 编程官方参考教程》一书声明：1:转载请标注出处。本文不得作为商业活动。若有违本之，则本人不负法律责任。违法者自负一切法律责任。2: 本书对应的jdk为 jdk8版本3：因为内容容量太大，编辑器无法承受于是给拆分了以下版本：讲：java的历史和演变、Java概述、数据类型、变量和数组、运算符、控制语句、类等内容___________...
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