一、列表
列表是包含在括号里的一序列的值,可以为任何数值,也可为空,如:(1, 5.3 , "hello" , 2),空列表:()。
注:只含有一个数值的列表(如:(43.2) )与该数值本身(即:43.2 )是不同的,但它们可以互相转化或赋值。
列表例:
(17, $var, "a string")
(17, 26 << 2)
(17, $var1 + $var2)
($value, "The answer is $value")
二、数组--列表的存贮
列表存贮于数组变量中,与简单变量不同,数组变量以字符"@"打头,如:
@array = (1, 2, 3);
注:
(1)数组变量创建时初始值为空列表:()。
(2)因为PERL用@和$来区分数组变量和简单变量,所以同一个名字可以同时用于数组变量和简单变量,如:
$var = 1;
@var = (11, 27.1 , "a string");
但这样很容易混淆,故不推荐。
1、数组的存取
.对数组中的值通过下标存取,第一个元素下标为0。试图访问不存在的数组元素,则结果为NULL,但如果给超出数组大小的元素赋值,则数组自动增长,原来没有的元素值为NULL。如:
@array = (1, 2, 3, 4);
$scalar = $array[0];
$array[3] = 5; # now @array is (1,2,3,5)
$scalar = $array[4]; # now $scalar = null;
$array[6] = 17; # now @array is (1,2,3,5,"","",17)
.数组间拷贝
@result = @original;
.用数组给列表赋值
@list1 = (2, 3, 4);
@list2 = (1, @list1, 5); # @list2 = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
.数组对简单变量的赋值
(1) @array = (5, 7, 11);
($var1, $var2) = @array; # $var1 = 5, $var2 = 7, 11被忽略
(2) @array = (5, 7);
($var1, $var2, $var3) = @array; # $var1 = 5, $var2 = 7, $var3 ="" (null)
.从标准输入(STDIN)给变量赋值
$var = <STDIN>;
@array = <STDIN>; # ^D为结束输入的符号
2 、字符串中的方括号和变量替换
"$var[0]" 为数组@var的第一个元素。
"$var\[0]" 将字符"["转义,等价于"$var". "[0]",$var被变量替换,[0]保持不变。
"${var}[0]" 亦等价于"$var" ."[0]"。
"$\{var}"则取消了大括号的变量替换功能,包含文字:${var}.
3、列表范围:
(1..10) = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10)
(2, 5..7, 11) = (2, 5, 6, 7, 11)
(3..3) = (3)
.用于实数
(2.1..5.3) = (2.1, 3.1 ,4.1, 5.1)
(4.5..1.6) = ()
.用于字符串
("aaa".."aad") = ("aaa","aab", "aac", "aad")
@day_of_month = ("01".."31")
.可包含变量或表达式
($var1..$var2+5)
.小技巧:
$fred = "Fred";
print (("Hello, " . $fred . "!\n") x 2);
其结果为:
Hello, Fred!
Hello, Fred!
4、数组的输出:
(1) @array = (1, 2, 3);
print (@array, "\n");
结果为:
123
(2) @array = (1, 2, 3);
print ("@array\n");
结果为:
1 2 3
5、列表/数组的长度
当数组变量出现在预期简单变量出现的地方,则PERL解释器取其长度。
@array = (1, 2, 3);
$scalar = @array; # $scalar = 3,即@array的长度
($scalar) = @array; # $scalar = 1,即@array第一个元素的值
注:以数组的长度为循环次数可如下编程:
$count = 1;
while ($count <= @array) {
print ("element $count: $array[$count-1]\n");
$count++;
}
6、子数组
@array = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5);
@subarray = @array[0,1]; # @subarray = (1, 2)
@subarray2 = @array[1..3]; # @subarray2 = (2,3,4)
@array[0,1] = ("string", 46); # @array =("string",46,3,4,5) now
@array[0..3] = (11, 22, 33, 44); # @array = (11,22,33,44,5) now
@array[1,2,3] = @array[3,2,4]; # @array = (11,44,33,5,5) now
@array[0..2] = @array[3,4]; # @array = (5,5,"",5,5) now
可以用子数组形式来交换元素:
@array[1,2] = @array[2,1];
7、有关数组的库函数
(1)sort--按字符顺序排序
@array = ("this", "is", "a","test");
@array2 = sort(@array); # @array2 = ("a","is", "test", "this")
@array = (70, 100, 8);
@array = sort(@array); # @array = (100, 70, 8) now
( 2)reverse--反转数组
@array2 = reverse(@array);
@array2 = reverse sort (@array);
(3)chop--数组去尾
chop的意义是去掉STDIN(键盘)输入字符串时最后一个字符--换行符。而如果它作用到数组上,则将数组中每一个元素都做如此处理。
@list = ("rabbit", "12345","quartz");
chop (@list); # @list = ("rabbi", "1234","quart") now
( 4)join/split--连接/拆分
join的第一个参数是连接所用的中间字符,其余则为待连接的字符数组。
$string = join(" ", "this", "is","a", "string"); # 结果为"this is a string"
@list = ("words","and");
$string = join("::", @list, "colons"); #结果为"words::and::colons"
@array = split(/::/,$string); # @array = ("words","and", "colons") now
转载于:https://www.cnblogs.com/fpga/archive/2009/11/02/1594858.html