1
功利主义、
Utilitarianism
英、约翰
斯图亚特
穆勒(叶建新译)
1
、一门学科中的具体原理通常并非从该学科的基本原理推断而来,也不依
赖基本原理来加以印证。
The detailed doctrines of a science are not usually deduced from,
nor
depend
for
their
evidence
upon
,what
are
called
its
first
principles.
2
、一切行为均出于某种目的,故行为准则势必屈从于行为目的并完全体现
出目的的种种特性。
All actions is for the shake of some end, and rules of action, it
seems
natural
to
suppose,
must
take
their
whole
character
and
colour
from
the end to which they are subservient.
3
、将功利置于快乐面前时显得不切实际的枯燥乏味,而将快乐置于功利面
前时又显得过于现实的奢靡享乐。
As
impracticably
dry
when
the
word
utility
precedes
the
word
pleasure,
and as too practically voluptuous when the word pleasure precedes the
word utility.
4
、接受功利原理或最大幸福原理为道德根本,就需要坚持旨在促进幸福的
行为即为“是”
,与幸福背道而驰的行为即为“非”这一信条。
The
creed
which
accepts
as
the
foundation
of
morals
,utility,
or
the
Greatest
Happiness
Principle,
hold
that
actions
are right
in
proportion
as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the
reverse of happiness.
5
、比起动物的欲望,人有着更高一级的官能,当人意识到自己的这些官能
之后,就不会把什么东西都当作幸福。
Human
beings
have
faculties
more
elevated
than
the
animal
appetites,
and
when
once
made
conscious
of
them
,do
not
regard
anything
as
happiness.
6
、拥有更高官能的人比之其他人需要更多的东西才能获得幸福感,因而更
容易遭受痛苦,而且痛苦的程度往往更加剧烈。
A being of higher faculties requires more to make him happy, is
capable probably of more acute suffering, and is certainly accessible
to it at more points, than one of an inferior type.
7
、一种令人满足的生活,其构成要素有二:宁静和兴奋。
The main constituents of a satisfied life appear to be two, either
of
which
by
itself
is
often
found
sufficient
for
the
purpose:
tranquility,
and excitement.
8
、有些人外在的运命相对不如人意,无法发现足够的乐趣来使他们的生活
富有意义,但个中原因通常是他们只专注于自我而不在乎他人。
When people who are tolerably fortunate in their outward lot do not
find
in
life
sufficient
enjoyment
to
make
it
valuable
to
them,
the
cause
generally is, caring for nobody but themselves.
9
、人类发展的内在要求绝不是让人成为自私自利之徒,只专注于可怜的自
我存在而对其他一切麻木不仁,而是在于某种更高的追求,即充分体现人何以
为人的实质。
As
little
is
there
an
inherent
necessity
that
any
human
being
should