python面对对象编程---------6:抽象基类

 抽象基本类的几大特点:

    1:要定义但是并不完整的实现所有方法
2:基本的意思是作为父类
3:父类需要明确表示出那些方法的特征,这样在写子类时更加简单明白

用抽象基本类的地方:
1:用作父类
2:用作检验实例类型
3:用作抛出异常说明

关于抽象基本类的几点说明:
1:LSP(里式替换原则):
子类必须能够替换他们的基类型,替换后软件运行形态不变,觉察不出基类和子类的区别。
这样来检验该设计是否合理或者藏有缺陷。(从抽象类继承而不是具体类)

2:关于isinstance的使用:
首先:大量的isinstance检测会造成复杂而缓慢的程序还表明多态设计不好
其次:在使用isinstance时更加pythonic的用法是处理错误而不是请求许可
1:请求许可:
assert isinstance( some_argument, collections.abc.Container ),"{0!r} not a Container".format(some_argument)
尽管很简洁,但是有两个缺点: assertions can be silenced, and it would probably be better to raise a TypeError for this:
if not isinstance(some_argument, collections.abc.Container):
raise TypeError( "{0!r} not a Container".format(some_argument))
2:处理异常
try:
found = value in some_argument
except TypeError:
if not isinstance(some_argument, collections.abc.Container):
warnings.warn( "{0!r} not a Container".format(some_argument) )
raise

3:Containers and collections
container(容器),既是其可以包含多个对象,其实是多个reference的集合的概念,python内置的containers有比如list,map,set.
    collections是python内建的一个集合模块,提供了许多可用的集合类,如namedtuple,deque,defalutdict等等。
总结:container是一个抽象类而collections是继承了container并实现了多种子类数据结构如namedtuple,deque,chainmap,counter,ordereddict,defaultdict的类的统称

container应该实现的:
Lower-level features include Container, Iterable, and Sized.
they require a few specific methods, particularly __contains__(), __iter__(), and __len__(), respectively

collections应该实现的:
Sequence and MutableSequence: These are the abstractions of the concrete classes list and tuple. Concrete sequence implementations also include bytes and str.
          MutableMapping: This is the abstraction of dict. It extends Mapping, but there's no built-in concrete implementation of this.
          Set and MutableSet: These are the abstractions of the concrete classes,frozenset and set.
   This allows us to build new classes or extend existing classes and maintain a clear and formal integration with the rest of Python's built-in features.

python中两大抽象基类:
  1:各种数据类型相关的collections.abc

    >>> abs(3)
    3
    >>> isinstance(abs, collections.abc.Callable)
    True

    >>> isinstance( {}, collections.abc.Mapping )
    True
    >>> isinstance( collections.defaultdict(int), collections.abc.Mapping)
    True

  

  2:数值相关的numbers

    >>> import numbers, decimal
    >>> isinstance( 42, numbers.Number )
    True
    >>> isinstance( 355/113, numbers.Number ) #由此可见,integer和float都是number.Number类的子类
    True
    >>> issubclass( decimal.Decimal, numbers.Number ) #decimal.Decimal是numbers.Number的子类
    True
    >>> issubclass( decimal.Decimal, numbers.Integral )
    False
    >>> issubclass( decimal.Decimal, numbers.Real )
    False
    >>> issubclass( decimal.Decimal, numbers.Complex )
    False
    >>> issubclass( decimal.Decimal, numbers.Rational )
    False

来看一个简单的抽象类
 1 __dict__:方法名+属性名
 2 __mro__:  包含此类所有父类的元祖
 3 >>> class aha(list):
 4        def __init__(self,value):
 5            super().__init__(value)
 6 
 7 
 8 >>> a=aha('pd')
 9 >>> a
10 ['p', 'd']
11 >>> aha.__dict__
12 mappingproxy({'__weakref__': <attribute '__weakref__' of 'aha' objects>, '__doc__': None, '__module__': '__main__', '__dict__': <attribute '__dict__' of 'aha' objects>, '__init__': <function aha.__init__ at 0x030967C8>})
13 >>> aha.__mro__
14 (<class '__main__.aha'>, <class 'list'>, <class 'object'>)
__dict__与__mro__
 1 from abc import ABCMeta, abstractmethod
 2 class AbstractBettingStrategy(metaclass=ABCMeta):
 3     __slots__ = ()
 4     @abstractmethod
 5     def bet(self, hand):
 6         return 1
 7     @abstractmethod
 8     def record_win(self, hand):
 9         pass
10     @abstractmethod
11     def record_loss(self, hand):
12         pass
13     @classmethod                                #检查了三个用抽象方法在子类中是否implement,否则报错。
14     def __subclasshook__(cls, subclass):
15         if cls is Hand:
16             if (any("bet" in B.__dict__ for B in subclass.__mro__) and any("record_win" in B.__dict__ for B in subclass.__mro__) and any("record_loss" in B.__dict__ for B in subclass.__mro__)):
17                 return True
18         return NotImplemented
19 
20 class Simple_Broken(AbstractBettingStrategy):
21     def bet( self, hand ):
22         return 1
23 # The preceding code can't be built because it doesn't provide necessary implementations for all three methods.
24 # The following is what happens when we try to build it:
25 >>> simple= Simple_Broken()
26 Traceback (most recent call last):
27 File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
28 TypeError: Can't instantiate abstract class Simple_Broken with
29 abstract methods record_loss, record_win
#注,上例可能太过严格,有些子类并不需要实现其所有方法,这个需要具体情况再看

#注,此篇可能看起来有点不太逻辑清晰,这源于我对collections.abc以及number模块目前还不太清晰,等改天研究明白了来改改,加些内容,此时先放出来占个位

转载于:https://www.cnblogs.com/pengsixiong/p/5382768.html

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