【线性代数公开课MIT Linear Algebra】 第二十课 行列式的应用

本系列笔记为方便日后自己查阅而写,更多的是个人见解,也算一种学习的复习与总结,望善始善终吧~

求解逆矩阵

A1=1det(A)CT,其中CT为代数余子式cofactors组成的矩阵的转置。
要证明A1=1det(A)CT,即证明ACT=det(A)I
这里写图片描述
对角线上的值为det(A),这很好理解,但是为什么其他位置的元素全是0呢?,我们观察结果的第二行第一列,其值等于A的第二行a21,a22...a2n分别与c11,c12...c1n相乘,这就像是把原本的矩阵中第一行变成同第二行一样的值,然后求这个新的矩阵的行列式,明显这个行列式的值为0。(行列式的性质4,相关资料
http://blog.csdn.net/a352611/article/details/49746061

克莱姆法则 Cramers Rule

老问题,这个法则是关于Ax=b的公式:
Ax=bx=A1b=1det(A)CTb
关键在于CTb,它影响了x各个分量的值:
这里写图片描述
CTb的各个分量很容易让人想到行列式determinant,而克莱姆发现了B1,B2...Bn这些矩阵的规律,其实我们这么写的时候也能才出B矩阵长什么样。
这里写图片描述
这样的公式具有数学上的美感,我们可以知道x每一个分量由哪些东西决定,就如果之前的求逆公式一样,这二者都给我们带来了纯代数的表达式,但实际计算时我们不会去用他们,因为计算量太大,不适合编程,消元法可以很好的解决问题,matlab就是用消元法来求解的。

行列式的几何意义

如何从几何理解行列式determinant?

首先我们把矩阵中的column vector画在空间中,很明显在N维空间里面我们就有N个向量(方阵才有行列式)

二维空间:
这里写图片描述
行列式determinant就是这个梯形的面积
三维空间:
这里写图片描述
行列式determinant就是这个长方体的体积
为什么?因为求解行列式的过程可以理解为用pivot消元的过程,行列式的值最终为所有pivot的乘积,若所有的pivot不为0即各个column vector线性无关,那么我们最终会得到一个除了对角线上的pivot之外其他位置全部为0的矩阵,这个矩阵的每一个column vector都相互垂直,实际上这些vector就是那些垂线,这些垂线的乘积就是我们所谓的面积、体积或者四维以上我叫不出名字的东西。这样的东西看起来像个盒子有木有,老师也很形象的叫它box。

PS:另一位仁兄的笔记
http://blog.csdn.net/suqier1314520/article/details/13883537

转载于:https://www.cnblogs.com/ThreeDayMemory/p/5958699.html

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About the Author David C. Lay holds a B.A. from Aurora University (Illinois), and an M.A. and Ph.D. from the University of California at Los Angeles. David Lay has been an educator and research mathematician since 1966, mostly at the University of Maryland, College Park. He has also served as a visiting professor at the University of Amsterdam, the Free University in Amsterdam, and the University of Kaiserslautern, Germany. He has published more than 30 research articles on functional analysis and linear algebra. As a founding member of the NSF-sponsored Linear Algebra Curriculum Study Group, David Lay has been a leader in the current movement to modernize the linear algebra curriculum. Lay is also a coauthor of several mathematics texts, including Introduction to Functional Analysis with Angus E. Taylor, Calculus and Its Applications, with L. J. Goldstein and D. I. Schneider, and Linear Algebra Gems–Assets for Undergraduate Mathematics, with D. Carlson, C. R. Johnson, and A. D. Porter. David Lay has received four university awards for teaching excellence, including, in 1996, the title of Distinguished Scholar—Teacher of the University of Maryland. In 1994, he was given one of the Mathematical Association of America’s Awards for Distinguished College or University Teaching of Mathematics. He has been elected by the university students to membership in Alpha Lambda Delta National Scholastic Honor Society and Golden Key National Honor Society. In 1989, Aurora University conferred on him the Outstanding Alumnus award. David Lay is a member of the American Mathematical Society, the Canadian Mathematical Society, the International Linear Algebra Society, the Mathematical Association of America, Sigma Xi, and the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics. Since 1992, he has served several terms on the national board of the Association of Christians in the Mathematical Sciences. Steven R. Lay began his teaching career at Aurora University (Illinois) in 1971, after earning an M.A. and a Ph.D. in mathematics from the University of California at Los Angeles. His career in mathematics was interrupted for eight years while serving as a missionary in Japan. Upon his return to the States in 1998, he joined the mathematics faculty at Lee University (Tennessee) and has been there ever since. Since then he has supported his brother David in refining and expanding the scope of this popular linear algebra text, including writing most of Chapters 8 and 9. Steven is also the author of three college-level mathematics texts: Convex Sets and Their Applications, Analysis with an Introduction to Proof, and Principles of Algebra. In 1985, Steven received the Excellence in Teaching Award at Aurora University. He and David, and their father, Dr. L. Clark Lay, are all distinguished mathematicians, and in 1989 they jointly received the Outstanding Alumnus award from their alma mater, Aurora University. In 2006, Steven was honored to receive the Excellence in Scholarship Award at Lee University. He is a member of the American Mathematical Society, the Mathematics Association of America, and the Association of Christians in the Mathematical Sciences. Judi J. McDonald joins the authorship team after working closely with David on the fourth edition. She holds a B.Sc. in Mathematics from the University of Alberta, and an M.A. and Ph.D. from the University of Wisconsin. She is currently a professor at Washington State University. She has been an educator and research mathematician since the early 90s. She has more than 35 publications in linear algebra research journals. Several undergraduate and graduate students have written projects or theses on linear algebra under Judi’s supervision. She has also worked with the mathematics outreach project Math Central http://mathcentral.uregina.ca/ and continues to be passionate about mathematics education and outreach. Judi has received three teaching awards: two Inspiring Teaching awards at the University of Regina, and the Thomas Lutz College of Arts and Sciences Teaching Award at Washington State University. She has been an active member of the International Linear Algebra Society and the Association for Women in Mathematics throughout her career and has also been a member of the Canadian Mathematical Society, the American Mathematical Society, the Mathematical Association of America, and the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics.

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