一. 介绍
ALSA 标准是一个先进的linux声音体系。它包含内核驱动集合,API库和工具对Linux声音进行支持。ALSA 包含一系列内核驱动对不同的声卡进行支持,还提供了libasound的API库。用这些进行写程序不需要打开设备等操作,所以编程人员在写程序的时候不 会被底层的东西困扰。与此相反OSS/Free 驱动在内核层次调用,需要指定设备名和调用ioctl。为提供向后兼容, ALSA 提供内核模块模仿 OSS/Free 驱动,所以大多数的程序不需要改动。 ALSA 拥有调用插件的能力对新设备提供扩展,包括那些用软件模拟出来的虚拟设备。 ALSA 还提供一组命令行工具包括 mixer, sound file player 和工具控制一些特别的声卡的特别的作用。
二.ALSA 体系:
ALSA API 被主要分为以下几种接口:
l 控制接口:提供灵活的方式管理注册的声卡和对存在的声卡进行查询。
l PCM接口:提供管理数字音频的捕捉和回放。
l 原始 MIDI 接口: 支持 MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface), 一种标准电子音乐指令集。 这些 API 提供访问声卡上的 MIDI 总线。这些原始借口直接工作在 The MIDI 事件上,程序员只需要管理协议和时间。
l 记时接口: 为支持声音的同步事件提供访问声卡上的定时器。
l 音序器接口:一个比原始MIDI接口高级的MIDI编程和声音同步高层接口。它可以处理很多的MIDI协议和定时器。
l 混音器接口:控制发送信号和控制声音大小的声卡上的设备。
三.声卡的缓存和数据的传输:
一块声卡有一个声卡内存用来存储记录的样本。当它被写满时就产生中断。内核驱动就使用DMA将数据传输到内存中。同样地,当在播放时就将内存中的声音样本 使用DMA传到声卡的内存中!
声卡的缓存是环状的,这里只讨论应用程序中的内存结构:ALSA将数据分成连续的片段然后传到按单元片段传输。
四:典型的声音程序结 构:
open interface for capture or playback
set hardware parameters
(access mode, data format, channels, rate, etc.)
while there is data to be processed:
read PCM data (capture)
or write PCM data (playback)
close interface
五.一些例子:
1.显示一些PCM的类型和格式:
#include
#include
intmain()
{
std::cout <
std::cout <
for(intval=0; val <= SND_PCM_STREAM_LAST; ++val)
std::cout <
std::cout <
std::cout <
for(intval=0; val <= SND_PCM_ACCESS_LAST; ++val)
std::cout <
std::cout <
std::cout <
for(intval=0; val <= SND_PCM_SUBFORMAT_LAST; ++val)
std::cout <
<
std::cout <
std::cout <
for(intval=0; val <= SND_PCM_STATE_LAST; ++val)
std::cout <
std::cout <
std::cout <
for(intval=0; val <= SND_PCM_FORMAT_LAST; ++val)
std::cout <
<
std::cout <
}
2.打开PCM设备和设置参数
#include
#include
intmain()
{
intrc;
snd_pcm_t* handle;
snd_pcm_hw_params_t*params;
unsigned intval, val2;
intdir;
snd_pcm_uframes_t frames;
if( (rc = snd_pcm_open(&handle,"default", SND_PCM_STREAM_PLAYBACK, 0))
{
std::cerr <
exit(1);
}
snd_pcm_hw_params_alloca(¶ms);
snd_pcm_hw_params_any(handle, params);
snd_pcm_hw_params_set_access(handle, params, SND_PCM_ACCESS_RW_INTERLEAVED);
snd_pcm_hw_params_set_format(handle, params, SND_PCM_FORMAT_S16_LE);
snd_pcm_hw_params_set_channels(handle, params, 2);
val = 44100;
snd_pcm_hw_params_set_rate_near(handle, params, &val, &dir);
if( (rc = snd_pcm_hw_params(handle, params))
{
std::cerr <
<
exit(1);
}
std::cout <
<
std::cout <
<
snd_pcm_hw_params_get_access(params, (snd_pcm_access_t *)&val);
std::cout <
<
snd_pcm_hw_params_get_format(params, (snd_pcm_format_t*)(&val));
std::cout <
<
snd_pcm_hw_params_get_subformat(params, (snd_pcm_subformat_t *)&val);
std::cout <
snd_pcm_subformat_name((snd_pcm_subformat_t)val) <
<
snd_pcm_hw_params_get_channels(params, &val);
std::cout <
snd_pcm_hw_params_get_rate(params, &val, &dir);
std::cout <
snd_pcm_hw_params_get_period_time(params, &val, &dir);
std::cout <
snd_pcm_hw_params_get_period_size(params, &frames, &dir);
std::cout <(frames) <
snd_pcm_hw_params_get_buffer_time(params, &val, &dir);
std::cout <
snd_pcm_hw_params_get_buffer_size(params, (snd_pcm_uframes_t *) &val);
std::cout <
snd_pcm_hw_params_get_periods(params, &val, &dir);
std::cout <
snd_pcm_hw_params_get_rate_numden(params, &val, &val2);
std::cout <
val = snd_pcm_hw_params_get_sbits(params);
std::cout <
snd_pcm_hw_params_get_tick_time(params, &val, &dir);
std::cout <
val = snd_pcm_hw_params_is_batch(params);
std::cout <
val = snd_pcm_hw_params_is_block_transfer(params);
std::cout <
val = snd_pcm_hw_params_is_double(params);
std::cout <
val = snd_pcm_hw_params_is_half_duplex(params);
std::cout <
val = snd_pcm_hw_params_is_joint_duplex(params);
std::cout <
val = snd_pcm_hw_params_can_overrange(params);
std::cout <
val = snd_pcm_hw_params_can_mmap_sample_resolution(params);
std::cout <
val = snd_pcm_hw_params_can_pause(params);
std::cout <
val = snd_pcm_hw_params_can_resume(params);
std::cout <
val = snd_pcm_hw_params_can_sync_start(params);
std::cout <
snd_pcm_close(handle);
return0;
}
3.一个简单的声音播放程序
#include
#include
intmain()
{
longloops;
intrc;
intsize;
snd_pcm_t* handle;
snd_pcm_hw_params_t* params;
unsigned intval;
intdir;
snd_pcm_uframes_t frames;
char* buffer;
if( (rc = snd_pcm_open(&handle,"default"
, SND_PCM_STREAM_PLAYBACK, 0))
{
std::cerr <
exit(1);
}
snd_pcm_hw_params_alloca(¶ms);
snd_pcm_hw_params_any(handle, params);
snd_pcm_hw_params_set_access(handle, params, SND_PCM_ACCESS_RW_INTERLEAVED);
snd_pcm_hw_params_set_format(handle, params, SND_PCM_FORMAT_S16_LE);
snd_pcm_hw_params_set_channels(handle, params, 2);
val = 44100;
snd_pcm_hw_params_set_rate_near(handle, params, &val, &dir);
frames = 32;
snd_pcm_hw_params_set_period_size_near(handle, params, &frames, &dir);
if( (rc = snd_pcm_hw_params(handle, params))
{
std::cerr <
exit(1);
}
snd_pcm_hw_params_get_period_size(params, &frames, &dir);
size = frames * 4;
buffer = newchar[size];
snd_pcm_hw_params_get_period_time(params, &val, &dir);
loops = 5000000 / val;
while(loops > 0) {
loops--;
if( (rc = read(0, buffer, size)) == 0)
{
std::cerr <
break;
}
elseif(rc != size)
std::cerr <
if( (rc = snd_pcm_writei(handle, buffer, frames)) == -EPIPE)
{
std::cerr <
snd_pcm_prepare(handle);
}
elseif(rc
std::cerr <
elseif(rc != (int)frames)
std::cerr <
}
snd_pcm_drain(handle);
snd_pcm_close(handle);
free(buffer);
return0;
}
(poseidonqiu)