java date面试,Java面试系列总结 ：JavaSE基础（3） 日期/时间

1. java.time.LocalDate

LocalDate是一个不可变的类，它表示默认格式(yyyy-MM-dd)的日期，我们可以使用now()方法得到当前时间，也可以提供输入年份、月份和日期的输入参数来创建一个 LocalDate 实例。该类为 now()方法提供了重载方法，我们可以传入ZoneId来获得指定时区的日期。该类提供与java.sql.Date相同的功能，对于如何使用该类，我们来看一个简单的例子。

package com.journaldev.java8.time;

import java.time.LocalDate;

import java.time.Month;

import java.time.ZoneId;

/**

* LocalDate Examples

* @author Carrie

*

*/

public class LocalDateExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {

//Current Date

LocalDate today = LocalDate.now();

System.out.println("Current Date="+today);

//Creating LocalDate by providing input arguments

LocalDate firstDay_2014 = LocalDate.of(2014, Month.JANUARY, 1);

System.out.println("Specific Date="+firstDay_2014);

//Try creating date by providing invalid inputs

//LocalDate feb29_2014 = LocalDate.of(2014, Month.FEBRUARY, 29);

//Exception in thread "main" java.time.DateTimeException:

//Invalid date 'February 29' as '2014' is not a leap year

//Current date in "Asia/Kolkata", you can get it from ZoneId javadoc

LocalDate todayKolkata = LocalDate.now(ZoneId.of("Asia/Kolkata"));

System.out.println("Current Date in IST="+todayKolkata);

//java.time.zone.ZoneRulesException: Unknown time-zone ID: IST

//LocalDate todayIST = LocalDate.now(ZoneId.of("IST"));

//Getting date from the base date i.e 01/01/1970

LocalDate dateFromBase = LocalDate.ofEpochDay(365);

System.out.println("365th day from base date= "+dateFromBase);

LocalDate hundredDay2014 = LocalDate.ofYearDay(2014, 100);

System.out.println("100th day of 2014="+hundredDay2014);

}

}

输出：

Current Date=2014-04-28

Specific Date=2014-01-01

Current Date in IST=2014-04-29

365th day from base date= 1971-01-01

100th day of 2014=2014-04-10

2. java.time.LocalTime

LocalTime 是一个不可变的类，它的实例代表一个符合人类可读格式的时间，默认格式是 hh:mm:ss.zzz。像 LocalDate一样，该类也提供了时区支持，同时也可以传入小时、分钟和秒等输入参数创建实例，我们来看一个简单的 程序，演示该类的使用方法。

package com.journaldev.java8.time;

import java.time.LocalTime;

import java.time.ZoneId;

/**

* LocalTime Examples

* @author Carrie

*

*/

public class LocalTimeExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {

//Current Time

LocalTime time = LocalTime.now();

System.out.println("Current Time="+time);

//Creating LocalTime by providing input arguments

LocalTime specificTime = LocalTime.of(12,20,25,40);

System.out.println("Specific Time of Day="+specificTime);

//Try creating time by providing invalid inputs

//LocalTime invalidTime = LocalTime.of(25,20);

//Exception in thread "main" java.time.DateTimeException:

//Invalid value for HourOfDay (valid values 0 - 23): 25

//Current date in "Asia/Kolkata", you can get it from ZoneId javadoc

LocalTime timeKolkata = LocalTime.now(ZoneId.of("Asia/Kolkata"));

System.out.println("Current Time in IST="+timeKolkata);

//java.time.zone.ZoneRulesException: Unknown time-zone ID: IST

//LocalTime todayIST = LocalTime.now(ZoneId.of("IST"));

//Getting date from the base date i.e 01/01/1970

LocalTime specificSecondTime = LocalTime.ofSecondOfDay(10000);

System.out.println("10000th second time= "+specificSecondTime);

}

}

输出：

Current Time=15:51:45.240

Specific Time of Day=12:20:25.000000040

Current Time in IST=04:21:45.276

10000th second time= 02:46:40

3. java.time.LocalDateTime

LocalDateTime 是一个不可变的日期-时间对象，它表示一组日期-时间，默认格式是 yyyy-MM-dd-HH-mm-ss.zzz。它提供了一个工厂方法，接收LocalDate和LocalTime输入参数，创建LocalDateTime实例。我们来看一个简单的例子。

package com.journaldev.java8.time;

import java.time.LocalDate;

import java.time.LocalDateTime;

import java.time.LocalTime;

import java.time.Month;

import java.time.ZoneId;

import java.time.ZoneOffset;

public class LocalDateTimeExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {

//Current Date

LocalDateTime today = LocalDateTime.now();

System.out.println("Current DateTime="+today);

//Current Date using LocalDate and LocalTime

today = LocalDateTime.of(LocalDate.now(), LocalTime.now());

System.out.println("Current DateTime="+today);

//Creating LocalDateTime by providing input arguments

LocalDateTime specificDate = LocalDateTime.of(2014, Month.JANUARY, 1, 10, 10, 30);

System.out.println("Specific Date="+specificDate);

//Try creating date by providing invalid inputs

//LocalDateTime feb29_2014 = LocalDateTime.of(2014, Month.FEBRUARY, 28, 25,1,1);

//Exception in thread "main" java.time.DateTimeException:

//Invalid value for HourOfDay (valid values 0 - 23): 25

//Current date in "Asia/Kolkata", you can get it from ZoneId javadoc

LocalDateTime todayKolkata = LocalDateTime.now(ZoneId.of("Asia/Kolkata"));

System.out.println("Current Date in IST="+todayKolkata);

//java.time.zone.ZoneRulesException: Unknown time-zone ID: IST

//LocalDateTime todayIST = LocalDateTime.now(ZoneId.of("IST"));

//Getting date from the base date i.e 01/01/1970

LocalDateTime dateFromBase = LocalDateTime.ofEpochSecond(10000, 0, ZoneOffset.UTC);

System.out.println("10000th second time from 01/01/1970= "+dateFromBase);

}

}

输出：

Current DateTime=2014-04-28T16:00:49.455

Current DateTime=2014-04-28T16:00:49.493

Specific Date=2014-01-01T10:10:30

Current Date in IST=2014-04-29T04:30:49.493

10000th second time from 01/01/1970= 1970-01-01T02:46:40

在所有这三个例子中，我们已经看到如果我们提供了无效的参数去创建日期/时间，那么系统会抛出java.time.DateTimeException，这是一种运行时异常，我们并不需要显式地捕获它。

同时我们也看到，能够通过传入ZoneId得到日期/时间数据，你可以从它的Javadoc中得到支持的Zoneid的列表，当运行以上类时，可以得到以上输出。

4. java.time.Instant

Instant类是用在机器可读的时间格式上的，它以Unix时间戳的形式存储日期时间，我们来看一个简单的程序。

package com.journaldev.java8.time;

import java.time.Duration;

import java.time.Instant;

public class InstantExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {

//Current timestamp

Instant timestamp = Instant.now();

System.out.println("Current Timestamp = "+timestamp);

//Instant from timestamp

Instant specificTime = Instant.ofEpochMilli(timestamp.toEpochMilli());

System.out.println("Specific Time = "+specificTime);

//Duration example

Duration thirtyDay = Duration.ofDays(30);

System.out.println(thirtyDay);

}

}

输出：

Current Timestamp = 2014-04-28T23:20:08.489Z

Specific Time = 2014-04-28T23:20:08.489Z

PT720H

5. 日期 API 工具

我们早些时候提到过，大多数日期/时间API类都实现了一系列工具方法，如：加/减天数、周数、月份数，等等。还有其他的工具方法能够使用TemporalAdjuster调整日期，并计算两个日期间的周期。

package com.journaldev.java8.time;

import java.time.LocalDate;

import java.time.LocalTime;

import java.time.Period;

import java.time.temporal.TemporalAdjusters;

public class DateAPIUtilities {

public static void main(String[] args) {

LocalDate today = LocalDate.now();

//Get the Year, check if it's leap year

System.out.println("Year "+today.getYear()+" is Leap Year? "+today.isLeapYear());

//Compare two LocalDate for before and after

System.out.println("Today is before 01/01/2015? "+today.isBefore(LocalDate.of(2015,1,1)));

//Create LocalDateTime from LocalDate

System.out.println("Current Time="+today.atTime(LocalTime.now()));

//plus and minus operations

System.out.println("10 days after today will be "+today.plusDays(10));

System.out.println("3 weeks after today will be "+today.plusWeeks(3));

System.out.println("20 months after today will be "+today.plusMonths(20));

System.out.println("10 days before today will be "+today.minusDays(10));

System.out.println("3 weeks before today will be "+today.minusWeeks(3));

System.out.println("20 months before today will be "+today.minusMonths(20));

//Temporal adjusters for adjusting the dates

System.out.println("First date of this month= "+today.

with(TemporalAdjusters.firstDayOfMonth()));

LocalDate lastDayOfYear = today.with(TemporalAdjusters.lastDayOfYear());

System.out.println("Last date of this year= "+lastDayOfYear);

Period period = today.until(lastDayOfYear);

System.out.println("Period Format= "+period);

System.out.println("Months remaining in the year= "+period.getMonths());

}

}

输出：

Year 2014 is Leap Year? false

Today is before 01/01/2015? true

Current Time=2014-04-28T16:23:53.154

10 days after today will be 2014-05-08

3 weeks after today will be 2014-05-19

20 months after today will be 2015-12-28

10 days before today will be 2014-04-18

3 weeks before today will be 2014-04-07

20 months before today will be 2012-08-28

First date of this month= 2014-04-01

Last date of this year= 2014-12-31

Period Format= P8M3D

Months remaining in the year= 8

6. 解析和格式化

将一个日期格式转换为不同的格式，之后再解析一个字符串，得到日期时间对象，这些都是很常见的。我们来看一下简单的例子。

package com.journaldev.java8.time;

import java.time.Instant;

import java.time.LocalDate;

import java.time.LocalDateTime;

import java.time.format.DateTimeFormatter;

public class DateParseFormatExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {

//Format examples

LocalDate date = LocalDate.now();

//default format

System.out.println("Default format of LocalDate="+date);

//specific format

System.out.println(date.format(DateTimeFormatter.ofPattern("d::MMM::uuuu")));

System.out.println(date.format(DateTimeFormatter.BASIC_ISO_DATE));

LocalDateTime dateTime = LocalDateTime.now();

//default format

System.out.println("Default format of LocalDateTime="+dateTime);

//specific format

System.out.println(dateTime.format(DateTimeFormatter.ofPattern("d::MMM::uuuu HH::mm::ss")));

System.out.println(dateTime.format(DateTimeFormatter.BASIC_ISO_DATE));

Instant timestamp = Instant.now();

//default format

System.out.println("Default format of Instant="+timestamp);

//Parse examples

LocalDateTime dt = LocalDateTime.parse("27::Apr::2014 21::39::48",DateTimeFormatter.ofPattern("d::MMM::uuuu HH::mm::ss"));

System.out.println("Default format after parsing = "+dt);

}

}

输出：

Default format of LocalDate=2014-04-28

28::Apr::2014

20140428

Default format of LocalDateTime=2014-04-28T16:25:49.341

28::Apr::2014 16::25::49

20140428

Default format of Instant=2014-04-28T23:25:49.342Z

Default format after parsing = 2014-04-27T21:39:48

7. 旧的日期时间支持

旧的日期/时间类已经在几乎所有的应用程序中使用，因此做到向下兼容是必须的。这也是为什么会有若干工具方法帮助我们将旧的类转换为新的类，反之亦然。我们来看一下简单的例子。

package com.journaldev.java8.time;

import java.time.Instant;

import java.time.LocalDateTime;

import java.time.ZoneId;

import java.time.ZonedDateTime;

import java.util.Calendar;

import java.util.Date;

import java.util.GregorianCalendar;

import java.util.TimeZone;

public class DateAPILegacySupport {

public static void main(String[] args) {

//Date to Instant

Instant timestamp = new Date().toInstant();

//Now we can convert Instant to LocalDateTime or other similar classes

LocalDateTime date = LocalDateTime.ofInstant(timestamp,ZoneId.of(ZoneId.SHORT_IDS.get("PST")));

System.out.println("Date = "+date);

//Calendar to Instant

Instant time = Calendar.getInstance().toInstant(); System.out.println(time);

//TimeZone to ZoneId

ZoneId defaultZone = TimeZone.getDefault().toZoneId();

System.out.println(defaultZone);

//ZonedDateTime from specific Calendar

ZonedDateTime gregorianCalendarDateTime = new GregorianCalendar().toZonedDateTime();

System.out.println(gregorianCalendarDateTime);

//Date API to Legacy classes

Date dt = Date.from(Instant.now());

System.out.println(dt);

TimeZone tz = TimeZone.getTimeZone(defaultZone);

System.out.println(tz);

GregorianCalendar gc = GregorianCalendar.from(gregorianCalendarDateTime