15.10.2 逆变

• 超类型通配符，可以安全的传递一个类型对象到泛型类型中；
• 如果参数是“List<? extends Apple> apples”，违反“参数中出现通配符”规则，add("? extends Apple" e)方法将无法调用；

package chapter15._10._2;

import java.util.List;

class Fruit{}
class Apple extends Fruit {}
class Jonathan extends Apple {}
class Orange extends Fruit {}

public class SuperTypeWildcards {

    static void writeTo(List<? super Apple> apples) {
        apples.add(new Apple());
        apples.add(new Jonathan());
//        apples.add(new Fruit());
    }

}

---

• List<Fruit>中居然也可以放置Apple，和书上讲的有出入；

package chapter15._10._2;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;

public class GenericWriting {

    static <T> void writeExact(List<T> list, T item) {
        list.add(item);
    }

    static List<Apple> apples = new ArrayList<Apple>();
    static List<Fruit> fruit = new ArrayList<Fruit>();

    static void f1() {
        writeExact(apples, new Apple());
        writeExact(fruit, new Apple());
    }

    static <T> void writeWithWildcard(List<? super T> list, T item) {
        list.add(item);
    }

    static void f2() {
        writeWithWildcard(apples, new Apple());
        writeWithWildcard(fruit, new Apple());
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        f1();
        f2();
    }

}

---

• 不能把泛型是Apple的List赋值给泛型是Fruit的List；
• List<? extends Fruit>可以接收List<Fruit>和List<Apple>；

package chapter15._10._2;

import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.List;

public class GenericReading {

    static <T> T readExact(List<T> list) {
        return list.get(0);
    }

    static List<Apple> apples = Arrays.asList(new Apple());
    static List<Fruit> fruit = Arrays.asList(new Fruit());

    static void f1() {
        Apple a = readExact(apples);
        Fruit f = readExact(fruit);
        f = readExact(apples);
    }

    static class Reader<T> {
        T readExact(List<T> list) {
            return list.get(0);
        }
    }

    static void f2() {
        Reader<Fruit> fruitReader = new Reader<Fruit>();
        Fruit f = fruitReader.readExact(fruit);
//        Fruit a = fruitReader.readExact(apples);

    }

    static class CovariantReader<T> {
        T readCovariant(List<? extends T> list) {
            return list.get(0);
        }
    }

    static void f3() {
        CovariantReader<Fruit> fruitReader = new CovariantReader<Fruit>();
        Fruit f = fruitReader.readCovariant(fruit);
        Fruit a = fruitReader.readCovariant(apples);
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        f1();
        f2();
        f3();
    }

}