Android开发训练之第五章——Building Apps with Connectivity & the Cloud

Building Apps with Connectivity & the Cloud

These classes teach you how to connect your app to the world beyond the user's device. You'll learn how to connect to other devices in the area, connect to the Internet, backup and sync your app's data, and more.

1. Connecting Devices Wirelessly

   How to find and connect to local devices using Network Service Discovery and how to create peer-to-peer connections with Wi-Fi.

   1. Using Network Service Discovery
   2. Creating P2P Connections with Wi-Fi
   3. Using Wi-Fi P2P for Service Discovery

2. Performing Network Operations

   How to create a network connection, monitor the connection for changes in connectivity, and perform transactions with XML data.

   1. Connecting to the Network
   2. Managing Network Usage
   3. Parsing XML Data

3. Transferring Data Without Draining the Battery

   How to minimize your app's impact on the battery when performing downloads and other network transactions.

   1. Optimizing Downloads for Efficient Network Access
   2. Minimizing the Effect of Regular Updates
   3. Redundant Downloads are Redundant
   4. Modifying Patterns Based on the Connectivity Type

4. Syncing to the Cloud

   How to sync and back up app and user data to remote web services in the cloud and how to restore the data back to multiple devices.

   1. Using the Backup API
   2. Making the Most of Google Cloud Messaging

5. Resolving Cloud Save Conflicts

   How to design a robust conflict resolution strategy for apps that save data to the cloud.

6. Transferring Data Using Sync Adapters

   How to transfer data between the cloud and the device using the Android sync adapter framework

   1. Creating a Stub Authenticator
   2. Creating a Stub Content Provider
   3. Creating a Sync Adapter
   4. Running a Sync Adapter

7. Transmitting Network Data Using Volley

   How to perform fast, scalable UI operations over the network using Volley

   1. Sending a Simple Request
   2. Setting Up a RequestQueue
   3. Making a Standard Request
   4. Implementing a Custom Request

 

Connecting Devices Wirelessly

DEPENDENCIES AND PREREQUISITES

• Android 4.1 or higher

YOU SHOULD ALSO READ

• Wi-Fi P2P

 

Besides enabling communication with the cloud, Android's wireless APIs also enable communication with other devices on the same local network, and even devices which are not on a network, but are physically nearby. The addition of Network Service Discovery (NSD) takes this further by allowing an application to seek out a nearby device running services with which it can communicate. Integrating this functionality into your application helps you provide a wide range of features, such as playing games with users in the same room, pulling images from a networked NSD-enabled webcam, or remotely logging into other machines on the same network.

This class describes the key APIs for finding and connecting to other devices from your application. Specifically, it describes the NSD API for discovering available services and the Wi-Fi Peer-to-Peer (P2P) API for doing peer-to-peer wireless connections. This class also shows you how to use NSD and Wi-Fi P2P in combination to detect the services offered by a device and connect to the device when neither device is connected to a network.

Lessons

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Using Network Service Discovery

Learn how to broadcast services offered by your own application, discover services offered on the local network, and use NSD to determine the connection details for the service you wish to connect to.

Creating P2P Connections with Wi-Fi

Learn how to fetch a list of nearby peer devices, create an access point for legacy devices, and connect to other devices capable of Wi-Fi P2P connections.

Using Wi-Fi P2P for Service Discovery

       Learn how to discover services published by nearby devices without being on the same network, using Wi-Fi 

Using Network Service Discovery

THIS LESSON TEACHES YOU HOW TO

1. Register Your Service on the Network
2. Discover Services on the Network
3. Connect to Services on the Network
4. Unregister Your Service on Application Close

TRY IT OUT

Download the sample app

NsdChat.zip

 

Adding Network Service Discovery (NSD) to your app allows your users to identify other devices on the local network that support the services your app requests. This is useful for a variety of peer-to-peer applications such as file sharing or multi-player gaming. Android's NSD APIs simplify the effort required for you to implement such features.

This lesson shows you how to build an application that can broadcast its name and connection information to the local network and scan for information from other applications doing the same. Finally, this lesson shows you how to connect to the same application running on another device.

Register Your Service on the Network

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Note: This step is optional. If you don't care about broadcasting your app's services over the local network, you can skip forward to the next section, Discover Services on the Network.

To register your service on the local network, first create a NsdServiceInfo object. This object provides the information that other devices on the network use when they're deciding whether to connect to your service.

public void registerService(int port) {
    // Create the NsdServiceInfo object, and populate it.
    NsdServiceInfo serviceInfo  = new NsdServiceInfo();

    // The name is subject to change based on conflicts
    // with other services advertised on the same network.
    serviceInfo.setServiceName("NsdChat");
    serviceInfo.setServiceType("_http._tcp.");
    serviceInfo.setPort(port);
    ....
}

This code snippet sets the service name to "NsdChat". The name is visible to any device on the network that is using NSD to look for local services. Keep in mind that the name must be unique for any service on the network, and Android automatically handles conflict resolution. If two devices on the network both have the NsdChat application installed, one of them changes the service name automatically, to something like "NsdChat (1)".

The second parameter sets the service type, specifies which protocol and transport layer the application uses. The syntax is "_<protocol>._<transportlayer>". In the code snippet, the service uses HTTP protocol running over TCP. An application offering a printer service (for instance, a network printer) would set the service type to "_ipp._tcp".

Note: The International Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) manages a centralized, authoritative list of service types used by service discovery protocols such as NSD and Bonjour. You can download the list from the IANA list of service names and port numbers. If you intend to use a new service type, you should reserve it by filling out the IANA Ports and Service registration form.

When setting the port for your service, avoid hardcoding it as this conflicts with other applications. For instance, assuming that your application always uses port 1337 puts it in potential conflict with other installed applications that use the same port. Instead, use the device's next available port. Because this information is provided to other apps by a service broadcast, there's no need for the port your application uses to be known by other applications at compile-time. Instead, the applications can get this information from your service broadcast, right before connecting to your service.

If you're working with sockets, here's how you can initialize a socket to any available port simply by setting it to 0.

public void initializeServerSocket() {
    // Initialize a server socket on the next available port.
    mServerSocket = new ServerSocket(0);

    // Store the chosen port.
    mLocalPort =  mServerSocket.getLocalPort();
    ...
}

Now that you've defined the NsdServiceInfo object, you need to implement the RegistrationListener interface. This interface contains callbacks used by Android to alert your application of the success or failure of service registration and unregistration.

public void initializeRegistrationListener() {
    mRegistrationListener = new NsdManager.RegistrationListener() {

        @Override
        public void onServiceRegistered(NsdServiceInfo NsdServiceInfo) {
            // Save the service name.  Android may have changed it in order to
            // resolve a conflict, so update the name you initially requested
            // with the name Android actually used.
            mServiceName = NsdServiceInfo.getServiceName();
        }

        @Override
        public void onRegistrationFailed(NsdServiceInfo serviceInfo, int errorCode) {
            // Registration failed!  Put debugging code here to determine why.
        }

        @Override
        public void onServiceUnregistered(NsdServiceInfo arg0) {
            // Service has been unregistered.  This only happens when you call
            // NsdManager.unregisterService() and pass in this listener.
        }

        @Override
        public void onUnregistrationFailed(NsdServiceInfo serviceInfo, int errorCode) {
            // Unregistration failed.  Put debugging code here to determine why.
        }
    };
}

Now you have all the pieces to register your service. Call the method registerService().

Note that this method is asynchronous, so any code that needs to run after the service has been registered must go in the onServiceRegistered() method.

public void registerService(int port) {
    NsdServiceInfo serviceInfo  = new NsdServiceInfo();
    serviceInfo.setServiceName("NsdChat");
    serviceInfo.setServiceType("_http._tcp.");
    serviceInfo.setPort(port);

    mNsdManager = Context.getSystemService(Context.NSD_SERVICE);

    mNsdManager.registerService(
            serviceInfo, NsdManager.PROTOCOL_DNS_SD, mRegistrationListener);
}

Discover Services on the Network

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The network is teeming with life, from the beastly network printers to the docile network webcams, to the brutal, fiery battles of nearby tic-tac-toe players. The key to letting your application see this vibrant ecosystem of functionality is service discovery. Your application needs to listen to service broadcasts on the network to see what services are available, and filter out anything the application can't work with.

Service discovery, like service registration, has two steps: setting up a discovery listener with the relevant callbacks, and making a single asynchronous API call to discoverServices().

First, instantiate an anonymous class that implements NsdManager.DiscoveryListener. The following snippet shows a simple example:

public void initializeDiscoveryListener() {

    // Instantiate a new DiscoveryListener
    mDiscoveryListener = new NsdManager.DiscoveryListener() {

        //  Called as soon as service discovery begins.
        @Override
        public void onDiscoveryStarted(String regType) {
            Log.d(TAG, "Service discovery started");
        }

        @Override
        public void onServiceFound(NsdServiceInfo service) {
            // A service was found!  Do something with it.
            Log.d(TAG, "Service discovery success" + service);
            if (!service.getServiceType().equals(SERVICE_TYPE)) {
                // Service type is the string containing the protocol and
                // transport layer for this service.
                Log.d(TAG, "Unknown Service Type: " + service.getServiceType());
            } else if (service.getServiceName().equals(mServiceName)) {
                // The name of the service tells the user what they'd be
                // connecting to. It could be "Bob's Chat App".
                Log.d(TAG, "Same machine: " + mServiceName);
            } else if (service.getServiceName().contains("NsdChat")){
                mNsdManager.resolveService(service, mResolveListener);
            }
        }

        @Override
        public void onServiceLost(NsdServiceInfo service) {
            // When the network service is no longer available.
            // Internal bookkeeping code goes here.
            Log.e(TAG, "service lost" + service);
        }

        @Override
        public void onDiscoveryStopped(String serviceType) {
            Log.i(TAG, "Discovery stopped: " + serviceType);
        }

        @Override
        public void