Spring介绍
Spring(http://spring.io/)是一个轻量级的Java 开发框架，同时也是轻量级的IoC和AOP的容器框架，主要是针对JavaBean的生命周期进行管理的轻量级容器，可以单独使用，也可以和Struts框架，MyBatis框架等组合使用。
IoC介绍
IoC是什么
Ioc—Inversion of Control，即“控制反转”，不是什么技术，而是一种设计思想。在Java开发中，Ioc意味着将你设计好的对象交给容器控制，而不是传统的在你的对象内部直接控制。如何理解好Ioc呢？理解好Ioc的关键是要明确“谁控制谁，控制什么，为何是反转（有反转就应该有正转了），哪些方面反转了”，那我们来深入分析一下：
●谁控制谁，控制什么：传统Java SE程序设计，我们直接在对象内部通过new进行创建对象，是程序主动去创建依赖对象；而IoC是有专门一个容器来创建这些对象，即由Ioc容器来控制对 象的创建；谁控制谁？当然是IoC 容器控制了对象；控制什么？那就是主要控制了外部资源获取（不只是对象包括比如文件等）。
●为何是反转，哪些方面反转了：有反转就有正转，传统应用程序是由我们自己在对象中主动控制去直接获取依赖对象，也就是正转；而反转则是由容器来帮忙创建及注入依赖对象；为何是反转？因为由容器帮我们查找及注入依赖对象，对象只是被动的接受依赖对象，所以是反转；哪些方面反转了？依赖对象的获取被反转了。
IoC能做什么
IoC 不是一种技术，只是一种思想，一个重要的面向对象编程的法则，它能指导我们如何设计出松耦合、更优良的程序。传统应用程序都是由我们在类内部主动创建依赖对象，从而导致类与类之间高耦合，难于测试；有了IoC容器后，把创建和查找依赖对象的控制权交给了容器，由容器进行注入组合对象，所以对象与对象之间是 松散耦合，这样也方便测试，利于功能复用，更重要的是使得程序的整个体系结构变得非常灵活。
其实IoC对编程带来的最大改变不是从代码上，而是从思想上，发生了“主从换位”的变化。应用程序原本是老大，要获取什么资源都是主动出击，但是在IoC/DI思想中，应用程序就变成被动的了，被动的等待IoC容器来创建并注入它所需要的资源了。
IoC很好的体现了面向对象设计法则之一—— 好莱坞法则：“别找我们，我们找你”；即由IoC容器帮对象找相应的依赖对象并注入，而不是由对象主动去找。
那么，Spring到底是如何实现IoC的呢？接下来我们就一探究竟。
源码解析
准备工作
首先写一个Spring的配置文件spring.xml，为了方便测试，这里面就只有一个名为test的bean。
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd">
<bean id="test" class="org.study.spring.ioc.Test"></bean>
</beans>编写程序入口代码，可以直接打断点进行调试。
ApplicationContext context = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring.xml");
开始解析
开始源码解析，首先进入ClassPathXmlApplicationContext.java的构造方法，先观察以下里面的几个方法。
/**
* Create a new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext with the given parent,
* loading the definitions from the given XML files.
* @param configLocations array of resource locations
* @param refresh whether to automatically refresh the context,
* loading all bean definitions and creating all singletons.
* Alternatively, call refresh manually after further configuring the context.
* @param parent the parent context
* @throws BeansException if context creation failed
* @see #refresh()
*/
public ClassPathXmlApplicationContext(String[] configLocations, boolean refresh, ApplicationContext parent)
throws BeansException {
super(parent);
setConfigLocations(configLocations);
if (refresh) {
refresh();
}
}可以看到，Spring首先将配置文件的名字（spring.xml）通过setConfigLocations(configLocations)存入AbstractRefreshableConfigApplicationContext.java的configLocations属性中，再执行refresh()方法。
接着进入refresh方法中，今天我们主要看Spring是如何通过读取配置文件初始化并获取BeanFactory的，所以重点关注obtainFreshBeanFactory这个方法。
@Override
public void refresh() throws BeansException, IllegalStateException {
synchronized (this.startupShutdownMonitor) {
// Prepare this context for refreshing.
prepareRefresh();
// Tell the subclass to refresh the internal bean factory.
ConfigurableListableBeanFactory beanFactory = obtainFreshBeanFactory();
// Prepare the bean factory for use in this context.
prepareBeanFactory(beanFactory);
try {
// Allows post-processing of the bean factory in context subclasses.
postProcessBeanFactory(beanFactory);
// Invoke factory processors registered as beans in the context.
invokeBeanFactoryPostProcessors(beanFactory);
// Register bean processors that intercept bean creation.
registerBeanPostProcessors(beanFactory);
// Initialize message source for this context.
initMessageSource();
// Initialize event multicaster for this context.
initApplicationEventMulticaster();
// Initialize other special beans in specific context subclasses.
onRefresh();
// Check for listener beans and register them.
registerListeners();
// Instantiate all remaining (non-lazy-init) singletons.
finishBeanFactoryInitialization(beanFactory);
// Last step: publish corresponding event.
finishRefresh();
}
catch (BeansException ex) {
if (logger.isWarnEnabled()) {
logger.warn("Exception encountered during context initialization - " +
"cancelling refresh attempt: " + ex);
}
// Destroy already created singletons to avoid dangling resources.
destroyBeans();
// Reset 'active' flag.
cancelRefresh(ex);
// Propagate exception to caller.
throw ex;
}
finally {
// Reset common introspection caches in Spring's core, since we
// might not ever need metadata for singleton beans anymore...
resetCommonCaches();
}
}
}打开obtainFreshBeanFactory方法，发现里面主要分为2个步骤：第一个步骤执行refreshBeanFactory方法，用于初始化BeanFactory，第二个步骤执行getBeanFactory()方法，用于获取BeanFactory。
/**
* Tell the subclass to refresh the internal bean factory.
* @return the fresh BeanFactory instance
* @see #refreshBeanFactory()
* @see #getBeanFactory()
*/
protected ConfigurableListableBeanFactory obtainFreshBeanFactory() {
refreshBeanFactory();
ConfigurableListableBeanFactory beanFactory = getBeanFactory();
if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
logger.debug("Bean factory for " + getDisplayName() + ": " + beanFactory);
}
return beanFactory;
}接下来我们先看初始化BeanFactory的部分。
初始化容器
进入AbstractRefreshableApplicationContext.java类的refreshBeanFactory方法中，首先检查是否已经存在beanFactory容器，如果已经有了一个beanFactory容器，先销毁里面的bean然后再关闭容器。因为Spring保证只有一个容器。
/**
* This implementation performs an actual refresh of this context's underlying
* bean factory, shutting down the previous bean factory (if any) and
* initializing a fresh bean factory for the next phase of the context's lifecycle.
*/
@Override
protected final void refreshBeanFactory() throws BeansException {
if (hasBeanFactory()) {
destroyBeans();
closeBeanFactory();
}
try {
DefaultListableBeanFactory beanFactory = createBeanFactory();
beanFactory.setSerializationId(getId());
customizeBeanFactory(beanFactory);
loadBeanDefinitions(beanFactory);
synchronized (this.beanFactoryMonitor) {
this.beanFactory = beanFactory;
}
}
catch (IOException ex) {
throw new ApplicationContextException("I/O error parsing bean definition source for " + getDisplayName(), ex);
}
}接下来观察方法里try语句块中的代码，一共有四个步骤：
- 创建一个beanFactory
- 设置序列化Id
- 定制化beanFactory
- 加载beanDefinition
我们这里主要分析第四个步骤，即Spring是如何通过读取配置文件来初始化beanFactory的。
继续往下分析，经过一系列的loadBeanDefinitions()方法后，到达XmlBeanDefinitionReader.java类中的doLoadBeanDefinitions方法中，在这里Spring进行对bean的注册。
/**
* Actually load bean definitions from the specified XML file.
* @param inputSource the SAX InputSource to read from
* @param resource the resource descriptor for the XML file
* @return the number of bean definitions found
* @throws BeanDefinitionStoreException in case of loading or parsing errors
* @see #doLoadDocument
* @see #registerBeanDefinitions
*/
protected int doLoadBeanDefinitions(InputSource inputSource, Resource resource)
throws BeanDefinitionStoreException {
try {
Document doc = doLoadDocument(inputSource, resource);
return registerBeanDefinitions(doc, resource);
}
catch (BeanDefinitionStoreException ex) {
throw ex;
}
catch (SAXParseException ex) {
throw new XmlBeanDefinitionStoreException(resource.getDescription(),
"Line " + ex.getLineNumber() + " in XML document from " + resource + " is invalid", ex);
}
catch (SAXException ex) {
throw new XmlBeanDefinitionStoreException(resource.getDescription(),
"XML document from " + resource + " is invalid", ex);
}
catch (ParserConfigurationException ex) {
throw new BeanDefinitionStoreException(resource.getDescription(),
"Parser configuration exception parsing XML from " + resource, ex);
}
catch (IOException ex) {
throw new BeanDefinitionStoreException(resource.getDescription(),
"IOException parsing XML document from " + resource, ex);
}
catch (Throwable ex) {
throw new BeanDefinitionStoreException(resource.getDescription(),
"Unexpected exception parsing XML document from " + resource, ex);
}
}进入registerBeanDefinitions方法中，这个方法是返回新加入的beanDefinition的个数getRegistry()就是获取beanFactory因为beanFactory实现了BeanDefinitionRegistry。
/**
* Register the bean definitions contained in the given DOM document.
* Called by {@code loadBeanDefinitions}.
* <p>Creates a new instance of the parser class and invokes
* {@code registerBeanDefinitions} on it.
* @param doc the DOM document
* @param resource the resource descriptor (for context information)
* @return the number of bean definitions found
* @throws BeanDefinitionStoreException in case of parsing errors
* @see #loadBeanDefinitions
* @see #setDocumentReaderClass
* @see BeanDefinitionDocumentReader#registerBeanDefinitions
*/
public int registerBeanDefinitions(Document doc, Resource resource) throws BeanDefinitionStoreException {
BeanDefinitionDocumentReader documentReader = createBeanDefinitionDocumentReader();
int countBefore = getRegistry().getBeanDefinitionCount();
documentReader.registerBeanDefinitions(doc, createReaderContext(resource));
return getRegistry().getBeanDefinitionCount() - countBefore;
}接着进入DefaultBeanDefinitionDocumentReader.java类中的registerBeanDefinitions方法。
/**
* This implementation parses bean definitions according to the "spring-beans" XSD
* (or DTD, historically).
* <p>Opens a DOM Document; then initializes the default settings
* specified at the {@code <beans/>} level; then parses the contained bean definitions.
*/
@Override
public void registerBeanDefinitions(Document doc, XmlReaderContext readerContext) {
this.readerContext = readerContext;
logger.debug("Loading bean definitions");
Element root = doc.getDocumentElement();
doRegisterBeanDefinitions(root);
}再进入doRegisterBeanDefinitions方法，就是在这里的parseBeanDefinitions方法中，Spring完成了beanFactory的初始化。
/**
* Register each bean definition within the given root {@code <beans/>} element.
*/
protected void doRegisterBeanDefinitions(Element root) {
// Any nested <beans> elements will cause recursion in this method. In
// order to propagate and preserve <beans> default-* attributes correctly,
// keep track of the current (parent) delegate, which may be null. Create
// the new (child) delegate with a reference to the parent for fallback purposes,
// then ultimately reset this.delegate back to its original (parent) reference.
// this behavior emulates a stack of delegates without actually necessitating one.
BeanDefinitionParserDelegate parent = this.delegate;
this.delegate = createDelegate(getReaderContext(), root, parent);
if (this.delegate.isDefaultNamespace(root)) {
String profileSpec = root.getAttribute(PROFILE_ATTRIBUTE);
if (StringUtils.hasText(profileSpec)) {
String[] specifiedProfiles = StringUtils.tokenizeToStringArray(
profileSpec, BeanDefinitionParserDelegate.MULTI_VALUE_ATTRIBUTE_DELIMITERS);
if (!getReaderContext().getEnvironment().acceptsProfiles(specifiedProfiles)) {
if (logger.isInfoEnabled()) {
logger.info("Skipped XML bean definition file due to specified profiles [" + profileSpec +
"] not matching: " + getReaderContext().getResource());
}
return;
}
}
}
preProcessXml(root);
parseBeanDefinitions(root, this.delegate);
postProcessXml(root);
this.delegate = parent;
}进入parseBeanDefinitions方法，循环配置文件spring.xml中定义的每一个元素，并调用parseDefaultElement方法对其进行解析。
/**
* Parse the elements at the root level in the document:
* "import", "alias", "bean".
* @param root the DOM root element of the document
*/
protected void parseBeanDefinitions(Element root, BeanDefinitionParserDelegate delegate) {
if (delegate.isDefaultNamespace(root)) {
NodeList nl = root.getChildNodes();
for (int i = 0; i < nl.getLength(); i++) {
Node node = nl.item(i);
if (node instanceof Element) {
Element ele = (Element) node;
if (delegate.isDefaultNamespace(ele)) {
parseDefaultElement(ele, delegate);
}
else {
delegate.parseCustomElement(ele);
}
}
}
}
else {
delegate.parseCustomElement(root);
}
}然后进入parseDefaultElement方法，bean.xml中有些是标签是<bean><import>等等，分别进行解析。
private void parseDefaultElement(Element ele, BeanDefinitionParserDelegate delegate) {
if (delegate.nodeNameEquals(ele, IMPORT_ELEMENT)) {
importBeanDefinitionResource(ele);
}
else if (delegate.nodeNameEquals(ele, ALIAS_ELEMENT)) {
processAliasRegistration(ele);
}
else if (delegate.nodeNameEquals(ele, BEAN_ELEMENT)) {
processBeanDefinition(ele, delegate);
}
else if (delegate.nodeNameEquals(ele, NESTED_BEANS_ELEMENT)) {
// recurse
doRegisterBeanDefinitions(ele);
}
}以下为解析中用到的配置文件中的final常量，定义在类中，有常用的bean、import等等。
public static final String BEAN_ELEMENT = BeanDefinitionParserDelegate.BEAN_ELEMENT;
public static final String NESTED_BEANS_ELEMENT = "beans";
public static final String ALIAS_ELEMENT = "alias";
public static final String NAME_ATTRIBUTE = "name";
public static final String ALIAS_ATTRIBUTE = "alias";
public static final String IMPORT_ELEMENT = "import";
public static final String RESOURCE_ATTRIBUTE = "resource";
public static final String PROFILE_ATTRIBUTE = "profile";继续往下分析，进入processBeanDefinition方法中，注意registerBeanDefinition这个方法。
/**
* Process the given bean element, parsing the bean definition
* and registering it with the registry.
*/
protected void processBeanDefinition(Element ele, BeanDefinitionParserDelegate delegate) {
BeanDefinitionHolder bdHolder = delegate.parseBeanDefinitionElement(ele);
if (bdHolder != null) {
bdHolder = delegate.decorateBeanDefinitionIfRequired(ele, bdHolder);
try {
// Register the final decorated instance.
BeanDefinitionReaderUtils.registerBeanDefinition(bdHolder, getReaderContext().getRegistry());
}
catch (BeanDefinitionStoreException ex) {
getReaderContext().error("Failed to register bean definition with name '" +
bdHolder.getBeanName() + "'", ele, ex);
}
// Send registration event.
getReaderContext().fireComponentRegistered(new BeanComponentDefinition(bdHolder));
}
}接着进入到BeanDefinitionReaderUtils.java类的registerBeanDefinition方法中，这里我们重点关注registerBeanDefinition这个方法。
/**
* Register the given bean definition with the given bean factory.
* @param definitionHolder the bean definition including name and aliases
* @param registry the bean factory to register with
* @throws BeanDefinitionStoreException if registration failed
*/
public static void registerBeanDefinition(
BeanDefinitionHolder definitionHolder, BeanDefinitionRegistry registry)
throws BeanDefinitionStoreException {
// Register bean definition under primary name.
String beanName = definitionHolder.getBeanName();
registry.registerBeanDefinition(beanName, definitionHolder.getBeanDefinition());
// Register aliases for bean name, if any.
String[] aliases = definitionHolder.getAliases();
if (aliases != null) {
for (String alias : aliases) {
registry.registerAlias(beanName, alias);
}
}
}我们进入到DefaultListableBeanFactory.java类的registerBeanDefinition方法中来一探究竟。我们看到Spring将解析出来的bean的信息以beanName为Key，beanDefinition为Value存入名为beanDefinitionMap的CurrentHashMap属性中。
@Override
public void registerBeanDefinition(String beanName, BeanDefinition beanDefinition)
throws BeanDefinitionStoreException {
Assert.hasText(beanName, "Bean name must not be empty");
Assert.notNull(beanDefinition, "BeanDefinition must not be null");
if (beanDefinition instanceof AbstractBeanDefinition) {
try {
((AbstractBeanDefinition) beanDefinition).validate();
}
catch (BeanDefinitionValidationException ex) {
throw new BeanDefinitionStoreException(beanDefinition.getResourceDescription(), beanName,
"Validation of bean definition failed", ex);
}
}
BeanDefinition oldBeanDefinition;
oldBeanDefinition = this.beanDefinitionMap.get(beanName);
if (oldBeanDefinition != null) {
if (!isAllowBeanDefinitionOverriding()) {
throw new BeanDefinitionStoreException(beanDefinition.getResourceDescription(), beanName,
"Cannot register bean definition [" + beanDefinition + "] for bean '" + beanName +
"': There is already [" + oldBeanDefinition + "] bound.");
}
else if (oldBeanDefinition.getRole() < beanDefinition.getRole()) {
// e.g. was ROLE_APPLICATION, now overriding with ROLE_SUPPORT or ROLE_INFRASTRUCTURE
if (this.logger.isWarnEnabled()) {
this.logger.warn("Overriding user-defined bean definition for bean '" + beanName +
"' with a framework-generated bean definition: replacing [" +
oldBeanDefinition + "] with [" + beanDefinition + "]");
}
}
else if (!beanDefinition.equals(oldBeanDefinition)) {
if (this.logger.isInfoEnabled()) {
this.logger.info("Overriding bean definition for bean '" + beanName +
"' with a different definition: replacing [" + oldBeanDefinition +
"] with [" + beanDefinition + "]");
}
}
else {
if (this.logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
this.logger.debug("Overriding bean definition for bean '" + beanName +
"' with an equivalent definition: replacing [" + oldBeanDefinition +
"] with [" + beanDefinition + "]");
}
}
this.beanDefinitionMap.put(beanName, beanDefinition);
}
else {
if (hasBeanCreationStarted()) {
// Cannot modify startup-time collection elements anymore (for stable iteration)
synchronized (this.beanDefinitionMap) {
this.beanDefinitionMap.put(beanName, beanDefinition);
List<String> updatedDefinitions = new ArrayList<>(this.beanDefinitionNames.size() + 1);
updatedDefinitions.addAll(this.beanDefinitionNames);
updatedDefinitions.add(beanName);
this.beanDefinitionNames = updatedDefinitions;
if (this.manualSingletonNames.contains(beanName)) {
Set<String> updatedSingletons = new LinkedHashSet<>(this.manualSingletonNames);
updatedSingletons.remove(beanName);
this.manualSingletonNames = updatedSingletons;
}
}
}
else {
// Still in startup registration phase
this.beanDefinitionMap.put(beanName, beanDefinition);
this.beanDefinitionNames.add(beanName);
this.manualSingletonNames.remove(beanName);
}
this.frozenBeanDefinitionNames = null;
}
if (oldBeanDefinition != null || containsSingleton(beanName)) {
resetBeanDefinition(beanName);
}
}以下就是用于存储bean定义信息的beanDefinitionMap，以bean的名字作为key。
/** Map of bean definition objects, keyed by bean name */
private final Map<String, BeanDefinition> beanDefinitionMap = new ConcurrentHashMap<>(256);至此，beanFactory的初始化已经全部完成，接下来我们看如何获取初始化后的beanFactory。
获取BeanFactory
在refreshBeanFactory()初始化完成后，进入AbstractRefreshableApplicationContext.java的getBeanFactory()方法中，将已经初始化好的beanFactory属性返回。
@Override
public final ConfigurableListableBeanFactory getBeanFactory() {
synchronized (this.beanFactoryMonitor) {
if (this.beanFactory == null) {
throw new IllegalStateException("BeanFactory not initialized or already closed - " +
"call 'refresh' before accessing beans via the ApplicationContext");
}
return this.beanFactory;
}
}以下就是完成初始化的beanFactory属性
/** Bean factory for this context */
private DefaultListableBeanFactory beanFactory;以上就完成了从加载配置文件到初始化beanFactory到获取beanFactory的整个过程。
总结
通过这次源码分析，我们应该知道beanFactory是怎么初始化的了，也知道beanFactory是如何去加载spring.xml中的的bean了。主要就是分两步完成，一是读取配置文件初始化beanFactory，二是获取初始化后的beanFactory。如果有不明白的地方，还是自己对照着Spring的源码动手理解一下吧，希望能对大家有所帮助。
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