From:真 OO无双 http://www.cnblogs.com/oomusou/archive/2007/05/02/734290.html
Abstract
Function Pointer(C)、Delegate(C#)和Function Object(C++)這三個其實是一樣的功能,所以在此一併討論。
Introduction
function pointer是C語言中最高級的機制,大概很多人還沒上到這裡已經學期末了,所以不少C語言工程師根本不知道C語言有function pointer;而C#的delegate大抵跟C語言的function pointer功能相同,所以很多書說delegate是物件導向的function pointer;C++的function object功能則比function pointer略強,還可配合泛型使用。
為什麼會需要function pointer、delegate、function object這種機制呢?源於一個很簡單的想法:『為什麼我們不能將function也如同變數一樣傳進另外一個function呢?』,C語言的解決方式是,利用pointer指向該function,將該pointer傳入另外一個function,只要將該pointer dereference後,就如同存取原function一樣。C#解決的方式是,將function包成delegate object,傳入另外一個function。C++的解決方式是,利用class或struct將function包成object,傳入另外一個function。
一個很簡單的需求,想個別列出陣列中,所有奇數、偶數、和大於2的數字,若使用傳統方式,而不使用function pointer,則寫法如下
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執行結果
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以功能而言沒有問題,但每個function都要做迴圈與判斷,似乎重覆了,而且將來若有新的判斷,又要copy整個迴圈,然後改掉判斷式,若能將迴圈與判斷式分離,若日後有新的判斷式,只要將該判斷式傳進來即可,這就是function pointer概念。
使用C語言的Function Pointer
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第13行
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宣告了predicate這個function ponter型別,指向回傳值為bool,參數為int的function,值得注意的是(*predicate)一定要括號刮起來,否則compiler會以為是bool*,我承認這個語法很奇怪,但若仔細想想,若我是C語言發明者,我應該也是這樣定語法,因為也沒其他更好的語法了:D。
這個範例將判斷式和迴圈分開,日後若有新的判斷式,只要新增判斷式即可,funtion pointer提供了一個型別,讓參數可以宣告function pointer型別
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如此我們就可以將function傳進另外一個fuction了。
使用C#的Delegate
C#是個物件導向的語言,為了提供類似function pointer的機制,提出了delegate概念,delegate英文是『委託、代表』,表示可以代表一個function,可以將delegate想成物件導向的function pointer。
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整個C#程式和C語言程式幾乎是一對一對應,定義function pointer型別變成了13行
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表示predicate是一個delegate型別,代表一個迴傳為bool,參數為int的function。
而原來宣告function pointer型態的參數,則改成delegate型態
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使用C++的Function Object
function object也稱為functor,用class或struct都可以,因為function object是利用constructor和對operator()做overloading,而這些都是public的,所以大部分人就直接使用struct,可少打public:這幾個字。
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執行結果
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使用了template,不過並非必要,只是顯示function object可以搭配template使用,而使用的技巧只是將function內的東西搬到operator()內。
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是function object優於function pointer和delegate之處,由C語言和C#的範例可知,我們只能寫一個greaterThan2()的判斷式,若今天需求改變成greaterThan3,則又得再寫一個判斷式了,但因為function object是透過struct和class,別忘了struct和class還有個constructor,所以能藉由constructor對class做初始化,因此才能寫出greaterThanAny(),大於多少只要當成constructor帶入即可,而operator()的寫法一樣不變。
Conclusion
C語言、C#、C++皆提供了『將函數傳到另外一個函數』的機制,function pointer和delegate相當類似,而funtion object則功能更強。這裡澄清一個觀念,很多人認為function object就是為了要使用STL的algorithm才使用,這是標準的錯誤觀念,這是果而非因,因為STL的algorithm使用了function object的方式,所以我們才去配合,並不是只用在這個地方,事實上,我們自己的也可以使用function object,而且其比function pointer優越之處就在於function object多了constructor,所以比function pointer彈性更大。
實務上會用在哪些地方呢?大概有三個地方,callback,multi-thread和event,我會另外開一個專文專講function object的應用。