D-TDMA: a New Dynamic TDMA Protocol with High Throughput

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D-TDMA: a New Dynamic TDMA Protocol<?XML:NAMESPACE PREFIX = O />

with High Throughput

Song Bao-hua, Yang Ping, Wang Wen-qi

Abstract: This paper presents a new dynamic TDMA protocol. In this protocol, free slots are full used for the slot request of nodes. By this way, slots are wasted lest and resource is imposed adequately. In result, the protocol shows a good throughput performance.

Keywords: TDMA, Dynamic TDMA, Medium Access Control

1. Introduction

The traditional TDMA protocol allocates fixed slots to fixed nodes, which means the MAC (Medium Access Control) protocol can’t support the dynamic entering and quitting and can’t support to create a communication system which contains nodes more than the quantity of slots in a frame. Some dynamic TDMA protocols^[1-3] are proposed to resolve this problem. Based on thinking in these protocols, this paper designs a new dynamic TDMA protocol which has the advantages of all these protocols and provides high throughput.

2. Slot Config

SOF

CSSS_i

S_i1

S_i2

S_i3

S_i4

S_i5

…

S_iM

SOF：Head flag used for synchronizing frames

CSSSi：The slot for master node to send packet of slot assign Pslot_allot

Sij：The j^th slot of the i^th frame

M：The max slot number considering the ability to supply real-time

IMAGE 1 Slot Config in a Single Frame

3. Function of Master Nodes

3.1 Allocate Slots

The master node keeps up with a slot assignment table(table 1),which records the status of every slot, and is updated with the request of slave nodes.

TABLE 1 Slot Assignment Table

sequence number of slots	status	address of the node sending	address of the node receiving
1	idle / busy	000001	000010
2	idle / busy	000010	000001
…	…	…	…
M	idle / busy	000011	000100

The maser node supervises a queue which records the request information of slave nodes (image 1). The request information includes the address of the node which requested slots and the amount needed.

IMAGE 2 Slot Request Queue

As a master node, it is always listening to the packets being sent in the network. When it hears a slot request packet sent by any slave node in any idle slot, it will add the request information into the tail of the slot request queue.

At the beginning of every frame, the maser node will analysis the information recorded in the head of the slot request queue. Assuming the quantity of slots requested is n_reqaccording to the head of theslot request queueand the network still leaves S_freefree slots, the master node will deal with the request in the head as the following.

1. IF S_free >= n_reqTHEN

2. allot the first n_req free slots to the slave node

3. eliminate the current head of the slot request queue

4. take out the new head of the slot request queue, and jump to 1

5. END IF

3.2 Notice Slave Nodes

In the CSSS_islot, master nodes will broadcast the P_{slot_allot}packet to announce the status of every slot in the frame. The P_{slot_allot}packet is like image 3.

A_i1

A_i2

A_i3

…

A_iM

A₁

…

<?XML:NAMESPACE PREFIX = ST1 /> A_L

FCS

P: Sequence to start and synchronize the modem

A_ij: Address of the node authorized to send packets in the j^th slot of the i^th frame. If no node obtains the slot, it will be 0.

FCS: Frame checkout sequence

F: Frame flag. The content between two frames flag constitutes a frame

L: Amount of nodes not given slots even though their slot request packets were heard

A_i…A_L: addresses of nodes not given slots even though their slot request packets were heard

IMAGE 3 Formats of Slot Allocation Packets

3.3 Release Slots

Master nodes will release the slots allocated to a node in the following two cases.

Active Release

Active release means the master node in a network will release the slots authorized to a slave node automatically when it hears the slot release packet sent by the slave node.

Passive Release

Passive release means the master node in a network will also release the slots authorized to a slave node when it hasn’t heard any packet sent by the slave node over three times.

4. Function of Slave Nodes

Like the master node, every slave node keeps a table called slot status table(table 2) which also records the status of all slots. But the different is the information in the table includes the serial number of slots, the status of slots, which is busy or idle, and a Boolean variable denoting whether the slot is allocated to the slave node itself.

The slot status table is also refreshed whenever the slave node hears a P_{slot_allot}packet which hints the change in the status of any slot.

TABLE 2 Slot Status Table

sequence number of slots	status	whether the slot is allocated to the node itself
1	busy / idle	Y/N
2	busy / idle	Y/N
…	…	…
M	busy / idle	Y/N

4.1 Request Slots

If the user process of a slave node wants to request some slots to send information to another node, it will check the slot status table to find out whether there is any idle slot to send slot request packet. If there are still S_free slots free for the slave node to request, the slave will produce a stochastic natural number between 1 to S_freeand send the slot request packet in the particular slot corresponding to the stochastic number. The relationship between the slot to send slot request packet and stochastic number is like image 4.

IMAGE 4 Slots to Send Slot Request Packets

In the CSSSi slot of the next frame next to which in the slave node sends a slot request packet, the same slave node will analysis the P_{slot_allot} broadcasted by the master node to find out whether the slot request packet is heard by the master successfully. In the best situation, which means the request packet is heard and slots needed are given, the slave node will send information in the corresponding slots. But if the slots it requests are not attained, the slave node will wait until the master node releases some busy slots and allocates some to it. In the worst situation, which means the slot request is even not heard, the slave node will send another slot request packet according to the arithmetic described in the above paragraphs in the current frame.

4.2 Send and Receive Packets

In the process of requesting slots, the slave node will send a slot request packet. And in the allocated slots for sending data packets, the slave node will send data packets. When the packets are sent over and the slave node doesn’t need the slots given to it, it will send a slot release packet in the slot for sending data. The format of all the three types of packets, data packets, slot request packets and slot release packets, are same (Image 5), and they are differentiated only by a control field in packets.

A_S

A_d

Control

Data

FCS

A_s: The address of the source node

A_d: The address of the destination node

Control: Control information

L:The length of data for data packets;

The quantity the slave requests for slot request packets

Data:Valid payload for data packets

IMAGE 5 Slot Request Packets and Data Packets

5. Performance Analysis

Image 6 presents the throughput changing with the number of nodes which join the competition of slots. 1 means all slots are impropriated. In the simulation, the total slot number is 10.

IMAGE 6 Throughput changing with nodes increasing

According to image 6, throughput increases with the increasing of the number of nodes when the number is less. Then, when the number is more than a greater value, the throughput will reduce with the increasing of the number of nodes due to the increasing competition collision. The trend is the same with other protocols based on competition, such as CSMA/CA^[4], CSMA/CD^[5] etc.

Reference

[1] Georgios I. Papadimitriou, et al. Self-Adaptive TDMA protocols for WDM star networks: a learning-automata-based approach[J]. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 1999,11(10):1322-1324

[2] Zhang Jun, Zhang Qishan, Deng Qiulin. On the slot reservation selection algorithm about self-organized TDMA VHF data link [J]. Journal of Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2001,27(5):514～517

[3] Johnsson L. The cellular CNS concept ( CCC) operating concept based on the VHF STDMA data link [ J ] . Navigation , 1996 , 44(176):432～459

[4] IEEE Computer Society. IEEE 802.3 Carrier sense multiple access with collision detection(CSMA/CD) access method and physical layer specifications[G]. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. 2002

[5] IEEE. Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications. IEEE Standard 802.11. 1999