__thread是GCC内置的线程局部存储设施,__thread变量每一个线程有一份独立实体,各个线程的值互不干扰。可以用来修饰那些带有全局性且值可能变,但是各线程独立不干扰的变量;
只能修饰POD类型(类似整型指针的标量),不能修饰class类型,因为无法自动调用构造函数和析构函数;
可以用于修饰全局变量,函数内的静态变量,不能修饰函数的局部变量或者class的普通成员变量;
且__thread变量值只能初始化为编译器常量。#include #include #include #include #include __thread uint64_t pkey = 0;void run2( ){
FILE* fp = NULL; if( !pkey )
{ char fName[128] = ""; sprintf( fName, "thread%lu.log", static_cast( pthread_self() ) );
fp = fopen( fName, "w" );
pkey = reinterpret_cast( fp );
}else fp = reinterpret_cast( pkey ); fprintf( fp, "hello __thread 2\n" ); return ;
}void* run1( void* arg ){
FILE* fp = NULL; if( !pkey )
{ char fName[128] = ""; sprintf( fName, "thread%lu.log", static_cast( pthread_self() ) );
fp = fopen( fName, "w" );
pkey = reinterpret_cast( fp );
}else fp = reinterpret_cast( pkey ); fprintf( fp, "hello __thread 1\n" );
run2(); return NULL;
}int main(int argc, char const *argv[]){ char fName[128] = ""; sprintf( fName, "thread%lu.log", static_cast( pthread_self() ) );
FILE* fp = fopen( fName, "w" );
pkey = reinterpret_cast( fp ); fprintf( fp, "hello __thread\n" ); pthread_t threads[2];
pthread_create( &threads[0], NULL, run1, NULL );
pthread_create( &threads[1], NULL, run1, NULL );
pthread_join( threads[0], NULL );
pthread_join( threads[1], NULL ); return 0;
}
pthread_key_tpthread_key_t 优于 __thread 从下面几个方面来说:依赖 linux 环境的 libpthread, 而非 gcc 编译器可移植性增强
如上所示,可以认为对每个 pthread_key, 库内部提供了一个 __thread void* 接受 pthread_setspecific 设置的指针,从而可以指向 class 类型
pthread_key_t 可以作为函数的局部变量,也可以作为局部变量。#include
// pthread_key_t, pthread_setspecific, pthread_getspecific, pthread_self
// pthread_key_create, pthread_key_delete, pthread_create, pthread_join#include #include #include using namespace std;
static pthread_key_t pkt;// 1, callback function to destroy resource associated with key// 2, the in_param is pthread_getspecific()// 3, gettid()是内核给线程(轻量级进程)分配的进程id,全局(所有进程中)唯一// 4, pthread_self()是在用户态实现的,获取的id实际上是主线程分配给子线程的线程描述符的地址而已,只是在当前进程空间中是唯一的。void destroy( void *arg ){ printf("exit at thread %d, fclose file \n", static_cast( pthread_self() ) ); if( arg ) fclose( reinterpret_cast(arg) );
}// 5, pthread_getspecific() Return current value of the thread-specific data slot identified by KEY.void writeLog( const char* log ){
FILE* logHandle = reinterpret_cast( pthread_getspecific( pkt) ); fprintf( logHandle, "%s\n", log );
}// 6, pthread_setspecific Store POINTER in the thread-specific data slot identified by KEY void* work( void* arg){
FILE* logHandle = NULL; char fileName[128] = ""; sprintf( fileName, "Thread%d.log", static_cast(pthread_self()) );
logHandle = fopen( fileName, "w");
pthread_setspecific( pkt, reinterpret_cast( logHandle ) );
writeLog( "Thread starting." );
}// 7, pthread_key_create( &pkt, destroy ) Create a key value identifying a location in the thread-specific //identifying 识别// data area. Each thread maintains a distinct thread-specific data area.// the destroy callback function will called with the key is dectroyed// 8, pthread_key_delete( ) detroy the key use callback function clear the resourceint main(int argc, char const *argv[]){
pthread_key_create( &pkt, destroy ); pthread_t pids[2] = {0};
pthread_create( &pids[0], NULL, work, NULL );
pthread_create( &pids[1], NULL, work, NULL );
pthread_join( pids[0], NULL );
pthread_join( pids[1], NULL );
pthread_key_delete( pkt ); printf("stop\n"); return 0;
}
ThreadLocal对 pthread_key_t 进行了 RAII 的封装,使用更加安全。#include #include // noncopyable#include // check_delete#include #include #include #include templateclass ThreadLocal : public boost::noncopyable
{ public: typedef ThreadLocal* pThreadLocal;
ThreadLocal()
{ pthread_key_create( &pkey_, &ThreadLocal::destroy ); }
~ThreadLocal()
{ pthread_key_delete( pkey_ ); } T& value()
{
T* pvalue = reinterpret_cast( pthread_getspecific( pkey_ ) ); if( !pvalue )
{
T* obj = new T();
pthread_setspecific( pkey_, reinterpret_cast( obj ) );
pvalue = obj;
} return *pvalue;
} private: static void destroy( void* arg )
{
T* obj = reinterpret_cast( arg );
boost::checked_delete( obj );
} pthread_key_t pkey_;
};class Logger{
public:
Logger()
{ char fName[128] = ""; sprintf( fName, "log_%lu.log", static_cast( pthread_self() ) );
fp = fopen( fName, "w" ); if( !fp ) throw std::runtime_error( std::string("can not create ") + fName );
}
~Logger() { fclose( fp ); } void log( const std::string& s ) { fprintf( fp, "%s\n", s.c_str() ); } private:
FILE* fp;
};void* run( void* arg ){ auto ptllogger = reinterpret_cast::pThreadLocal>( arg);
Logger& plogger = ptllogger->value();
plogger.log( "Hello thread local" );
}int main(){
ThreadLocal::pThreadLocal p = new ThreadLocal;
Logger& plogger = p->value();
plogger.log( "Hello thread local" ); pthread_t threads[2] = {0};
pthread_create( &threads[0], NULL, run, reinterpret_cast( p ) );
pthread_create( &threads[1], NULL, run, reinterpret_cast( p ) );
pthread_join( threads[0], NULL );
pthread_join( threads[1], NULL ); delete p;
}
附录
C++ 获取类中成员函数的函数指针class A {public: static void staticmember(){cout<
void nonstatic(){cout<
virtual void virtualmember(){cout<
A a; //static成员函数,取得的是该函数在内存中的实际地址,而且因为static成员是全局的,所以不能用A::限定符
void (*ptrstatic)() = &A::staticmember;
//nonstatic成员函数 取得的是该函数在内存中的实际地址
void (A::*ptrnonstatic)() = &A::nonstatic; //虚函数取得的是虚函数表中的偏移值,这样可以保证能过指针调用时同样的多态效果
void (A::*ptrvirtual)() = &A::virtualmember; //函数指针的使用方式
ptrstatic();
(a.*ptrnonstatic)();
(a.*ptrvirtual)();
}
static_cast, dynamic_cast, reinterpret_cast, const_cast上行转换(把子类的指针或引用转换成基类表示), 下行转换(把基类指针或引用转换成子类表示)
类指针或引用的上行转换static_cast 和 dynamic_cast 都可以
类指针或引用的下行转换用dynamic_cast并且判断转换后是否为空
基本数据类型之间的转换用static_cast, 但是由于数值范围的不同,需要用户保证转换的安全性
不同类型之间的指针或引用的转换用reinterpret_cast,它的本质是对指向内存的比特位的重解释
消除数据的const、volatile、__unaligned属性,用const_cast
作者:呆呆的张先生
链接:https://www.jianshu.com/p/495ea7ce649b