python小技巧

这些Python小技巧可以了解下

Python数据分析与人工智能 今天
来源：http://python.jobbole.com/63320/

从我开始学习python的时候，我就开始自己总结一个python小技巧的集合。后来当我什么时候在Stack Overflow或者在某个开源软件里看到一段很酷代码的时候，我就很惊讶：原来还能这么做！，当时我会努力的自己尝试一下这段代码，直到我懂了它的整体思路以后，我就把这段代码加到我的集合里。这篇博客其实就是这个集合整理后一部分的公开亮相。如果你已经是个python大牛，那么基本上你应该知道这里面的大多数用法了，但我想你应该也能发现一些你不知道的新技巧。而如果你之前是一个c,c++,java的程序员，同时在学习python，或者干脆就是一个刚刚学习编程的新手，那么你应该会看到很多特别有用能让你感到惊奇的实用技巧，就像我当初一样。

每一个技巧和语言用法都会在一个个实例中展示给大家，也不需要有其他的说明。我已经尽力把每个例子弄的通俗易懂，但是因为读者对python的熟悉程度不同，仍然可能难免有一些晦涩的地方。所以如果这些例子本身无法让你读懂，至少这个例子的标题在你后面去google搜索的时候会帮到你。
整个集合大概是按照难易程度排序，简单常见的在前面，比较少见的在最后。

a, b, c = 1, 2, 3
a, b, c
(1, 2, 3)
a, b, c = [1, 2, 3]
a, b, c
(1, 2, 3)
a, b, c = (2 * i + 1 for i in range(3))
a, b, c
(1, 3, 5)
a, (b, c), d = [1, (2, 3), 4]
a
1
b
2
c
3
d
4

1.2 拆箱变量交换

a, b = 1, 2
a, b = b, a
a, b
(2, 1)
1.3 扩展拆箱（只兼容python3）

a, *b, c = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
a
1
b
[2, 3, 4]
c
5
1.4 负数索引

a = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
a[-1]
10
a[-3]
8
1.5 切割列表

a = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
a[2:8]
[2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]
1.6 负数索引切割列表

a = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
a[-4:-2]
[7, 8]
1.7指定步长切割列表

a = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
a[::2]
[0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10]
a[::3]
[0, 3, 6, 9]
a[2:8:2]
[2, 4, 6]
1.8 负数步长切割列表

a = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
a[::-1]
[10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0]
a[::-2]
[10, 8, 6, 4, 2, 0]
1.9 列表切割赋值

a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
a[2:3] = [0, 0]
a
[1, 2, 0, 0, 4, 5]
a[1:1] = [8, 9]
a
[1, 8, 9, 2, 0, 0, 4, 5]
a[1:-1] = []
a
[1, 5]
1.10 命名列表切割方式

a = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
LASTTHREE = slice(-3, None)
LASTTHREE
slice(-3, None, None)
a[LASTTHREE]
[3, 4, 5]
1.11 列表以及迭代器的压缩和解压缩

a = [1, 2, 3]
b = ['a', 'b', 'c']
z = zip(a, b)
z
[(1, 'a'), (2, 'b'), (3, 'c')]
zip(*z)
[(1, 2, 3), ('a', 'b', 'c')]
1.12 列表相邻元素压缩器

a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
zip(([iter(a)] 2))
[(1, 2), (3, 4), (5, 6)]

group_adjacent = lambda a, k: zip(([iter(a)] k))
group_adjacent(a, 3)
[(1, 2, 3), (4, 5, 6)]
group_adjacent(a, 2)
[(1, 2), (3, 4), (5, 6)]
group_adjacent(a, 1)
[(1,), (2,), (3,), (4,), (5,), (6,)]

zip(a[::2], a[1::2])
[(1, 2), (3, 4), (5, 6)]

zip(a[::3], a[1::3], a[2::3])
[(1, 2, 3), (4, 5, 6)]

group_adjacent = lambda a, k: zip(*(a[i::k] for i in range(k)))
group_adjacent(a, 3)
[(1, 2, 3), (4, 5, 6)]
group_adjacent(a, 2)
[(1, 2), (3, 4), (5, 6)]
group_adjacent(a, 1)
[(1,), (2,), (3,), (4,), (5,), (6,)]
1.13 在列表中用压缩器和迭代器滑动取值窗口

def n_grams(a, n):
... z = [iter(a[i:]) for i in range(n)]
... return zip(*z)
...
a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
n_grams(a, 3)
[(1, 2, 3), (2, 3, 4), (3, 4, 5), (4, 5, 6)]
n_grams(a, 2)
[(1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4), (4, 5), (5, 6)]
n_grams(a, 4)
[(1, 2, 3, 4), (2, 3, 4, 5), (3, 4, 5, 6)]
1.14 用压缩器反转字典

m = {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3, 'd': 4}
m.items()
[('a', 1), ('c', 3), ('b', 2), ('d', 4)]
zip(m.values(), m.keys())
[(1, 'a'), (3, 'c'), (2, 'b'), (4, 'd')]
mi = dict(zip(m.values(), m.keys()))
mi
{1: 'a', 2: 'b', 3: 'c', 4: 'd'}
1.15 列表展开

a = [[1, 2], [3, 4], [5, 6]]
list(itertools.chain.from_iterable(a))
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]

sum(a, [])
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]

[x for l in a for x in l]
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]

a = [[[1, 2], [3, 4]], [[5, 6], [7, 8]]]
[x for l1 in a for l2 in l1 for x in l2]
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]

a = [1, 2, [3, 4], [[5, 6], [7, 8]]]
flatten = lambda x: [y for l in x for y in flatten(l)] if type(x) is list else [x]
flatten(a)
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]
1.16 生成器表达式

g = (x 2 for x in xrange(10))
next(g)
0
next(g)
1
next(g)
4
next(g)
9
sum(x 3 for x in xrange(10))
2025
sum(x ** 3 for x in xrange(10) if x % 3 == 1)
408
1.17 字典推导

m = {x: x ** 2 for x in range(5)}
m
{0: 0, 1: 1, 2: 4, 3: 9, 4: 16}

m = {x: 'A' + str(x) for x in range(10)}
m
{0: 'A0', 1: 'A1', 2: 'A2', 3: 'A3', 4: 'A4', 5: 'A5', 6: 'A6', 7: 'A7', 8: 'A8', 9: 'A9'}
1.18 用字典推导反转字典

m = {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3, 'd': 4}
m
{'d': 4, 'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3}
{v: k for k, v in m.items()}
{1: 'a', 2: 'b', 3: 'c', 4: 'd'}
1.19 命名元组

Point = collections.namedtuple('Point', ['x', 'y'])
p = Point(x=1.0, y=2.0)
p
Point(x=1.0, y=2.0)
p.x
1.0
p.y
2.0

转载于:https://blog.51cto.com/10506798/2323703