SQLAlchemy是Python编程语言下的一款ORM框架,该框架建立在数据库API之上,使用关系对象映射进行数据库操作,简言之便是:将对象转换成SQL,然后使用数据API执行SQL并获取执行结果。
Dialect用于和数据API进行交流,根据配置文件的不同调用不同的数据库API,从而实现对数据库的操作,如:
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MySQL
-
Python
mysql
+
mysqldb:
/
/
<user>:<password>@<host>[:<port>]
/
<dbname>
pymysql
mysql
+
pymysql:
/
/
<username>:<password>@<host>
/
<dbname>[?<options>]
MySQL
-
Connector
mysql
+
mysqlconnector:
/
/
<user>:<password>@<host>[:<port>]
/
<dbname>
cx_Oracle
oracle
+
cx_oracle:
/
/
user:
pass
@host:port
/
dbname[?key
=
value&key
=
value...]
更多详见:http:
/
/
docs.sqlalchemy.org
/
en
/
latest
/
dialects
/
index.html
|
步骤一:
使用 Engine/ConnectionPooling/Dialect 进行数据库操作,Engine使用ConnectionPooling连接数据库,然后再通过Dialect执行SQL语句。
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#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from
sqlalchemy
import
create_engine
engine
=
create_engine(
"mysql+mysqldb://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/s11"
, max_overflow
=
5
)
engine.execute(
"INSERT INTO ts_test (a, b) VALUES ('2', 'v1')"
)
engine.execute(
"INSERT INTO ts_test (a, b) VALUES (%s, %s)"
,
((
555
,
"v1"
),(
666
,
"v1"
),)
)
engine.execute(
"INSERT INTO ts_test (a, b) VALUES (%(id)s, %(name)s)"
,
id
=
999
, name
=
"v1"
)
result
=
engine.execute(
'select * from ts_test'
)
result.fetchall()
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#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- from sqlalchemy import create_engine engine = create_engine("mysql+mysqldb://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/s11", max_overflow=5) # 事务操作 with engine.begin() as conn: conn.execute("insert into table (x, y, z) values (1, 2, 3)") conn.execute("my_special_procedure(5)") conn = engine.connect() # 事务操作 with conn.begin(): conn.execute("some statement", {'x':5, 'y':10})
注:查看数据库连接:show status like 'Threads%';
步骤二:
使用 Schema Type/SQL Expression Language/Engine/ConnectionPooling/Dialect 进行数据库操作。Engine使用Schema Type创建一个特定的结构对象,之后通过SQL Expression Language将该对象转换成SQL语句,然后通过 ConnectionPooling 连接数据库,再然后通过 Dialect 执行SQL,并获取结果。
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#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from
sqlalchemy
import
create_engine, Table, Column, Integer, String, MetaData, ForeignKey
metadata
=
MetaData()
user
=
Table(
'user'
, metadata,
Column(
'id'
, Integer, primary_key
=
True
),
Column(
'name'
, String(
20
)),
)
color
=
Table(
'color'
, metadata,
Column(
'id'
, Integer, primary_key
=
True
),
Column(
'name'
, String(
20
)),
)
engine
=
create_engine(
"mysql+mysqldb://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/s11"
, max_overflow
=
5
)
metadata.create_all(engine)
# metadata.clear()
# metadata.remove()
|
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- from sqlalchemy import create_engine, Table, Column, Integer, String, MetaData, ForeignKey metadata = MetaData() user = Table('user', metadata, Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True), Column('name', String(20)), ) color = Table('color', metadata, Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True), Column('name', String(20)), ) engine = create_engine("mysql+mysqldb://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/s11", max_overflow=5) conn = engine.connect() # 创建SQL语句,INSERT INTO "user" (id, name) VALUES (:id, :name) conn.execute(user.insert(),{'id':7,'name':'seven'}) conn.close() # sql = user.insert().values(id=123, name='wu') # conn.execute(sql) # conn.close() # sql = user.delete().where(user.c.id > 1) # sql = user.update().values(fullname=user.c.name) # sql = user.update().where(user.c.name == 'jack').values(name='ed') # sql = select([user, ]) # sql = select([user.c.id, ]) # sql = select([user.c.name, color.c.name]).where(user.c.id==color.c.id) # sql = select([user.c.name]).order_by(user.c.name) # sql = select([user]).group_by(user.c.name) # result = conn.execute(sql) # print result.fetchall() # conn.close()
更多内容详见:
http://www.jianshu.com/p/e6bba189fcbd
http://docs.sqlalchemy.org/en/latest/core/expression_api.html
注:SQLAlchemy无法修改表结构,如果需要可以使用SQLAlchemy开发者开源的另外一个软件Alembic来完成。
步骤三:
使用 ORM/Schema Type/SQL Expression Language/Engine/ConnectionPooling/Dialect 所有组件对数据进行操作。根据类创建对象,对象转换成SQL,执行SQL。
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#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from
sqlalchemy.ext.declarative
import
declarative_base
from
sqlalchemy
import
Column, Integer, String
from
sqlalchemy.orm
import
sessionmaker
from
sqlalchemy
import
create_engine
engine
=
create_engine(
"mysql+mysqldb://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/s11"
, max_overflow
=
5
)
Base
=
declarative_base()
class
User(Base):
__tablename__
=
'users'
id
=
Column(Integer, primary_key
=
True
)
name
=
Column(String(
50
))
# 寻找Base的所有子类,按照子类的结构在数据库中生成对应的数据表信息
# Base.metadata.create_all(engine)
Session
=
sessionmaker(bind
=
engine)
session
=
Session()
# ########## 增 ##########
# u = User(id=2, name='sb')
# session.add(u)
# session.add_all([
# User(id=3, name='sb'),
# User(id=4, name='sb')
# ])
# session.commit()
# ########## 删除 ##########
# session.query(User).filter(User.id > 2).delete()
# session.commit()
# ########## 修改 ##########
# session.query(User).filter(User.id > 2).update({'cluster_id' : 0})
# session.commit()
# ########## 查 ##########
# ret = session.query(User).filter_by(name='sb').first()
# ret = session.query(User).filter_by(name='sb').all()
# print ret
# ret = session.query(User).filter(User.name.in_(['sb','bb'])).all()
# print ret
# ret = session.query(User.name.label('name_label')).all()
# print ret,type(ret)
# ret = session.query(User).order_by(User.id).all()
# print ret
# ret = session.query(User).order_by(User.id)[1:3]
# print ret
# session.commit()
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