类型Ⅰ:
形如\(a_{n+1}=p\cdot a_n+q\),\(p,q\)为常数,即\(a_{n+1}=f(a_n)\),构造变形方向:
其一:\(a_{n+1}+k=p(a_n+k)\),构造\(\{a_n+k\}\)为等比数列,\(k=\frac{q}{p-1}\);
其二:先得到\(a_n=p\cdot a_{n-1}+q\),两式做差,得到
\(a_{n+1}-a_n=p(a_n-a_{n-1})\),构造\(\{a_n-a_{n-1}\}\)为等比数列;
类型Ⅱ:
形如\(a_{n+1}=2\cdot a_n+3n+2\),即\(a_{n+1}=f(n,a_n)\),构造变形方向:
假设\(a_{n+1}+A(n+1)+B=2(a_n+An+B)\),解得\(A=3\),\(B=5\),
即\(a_{n+1}+3(n+1)+5=2(a_n+3n+5)\),构造\(\{a_n+3n+5\}\)为等比数列;
类型Ⅲ:
形如\(a_{n+1}=2\cdot a_n+3n^2+4n+2\),即\(a_{n+1}=f(n,a_n)\),(高三仅仅了解)构造变形方向:
假设\(a_{n+1}+A(n+1)^2+B(n+1)+C=2(a_n+An^2+Bn+C)\),解得\(A=3\),\(B=10\),\(C=15\)
即\(a_{n+1}+3(n+1)^2+10(n+1)+15=2(a_n+3n^2+10n+15)\),构造\(\{a_n+3n^2+10n+15\}\)为等比数列;
类型Ⅳ:
形如\(a_{n+2}=3 a_{n+1}-2a_n\),即\(a_{n+2}=f(a_{n+1},a_n)\),一次式,构造变形方向:
假设\(a_{n+2}+pa_{n+1}=k(a_{n+1}+pa_n)\),解得\(\left\{\begin{array}{l}{k=2}\\{p=-1}\end{array}\right.\),\(\left\{\begin{array}{l}{k=1}\\{p=-2}\end{array}\right.\),
当 \(\left\{\begin{array}{l}{k=2}\\{p=-1}\end{array}\right.\)时,即\(a_{n+2}-a_{n+1}=2(a_{n+1}-a_n)\),构造\(\{a_{n+1}-a_n\}\)为等比数列;
当\(\left\{\begin{array}{l}{k=1}\\{p=-2}\end{array}\right.\)时,即\(a_{n+2}-2a_{n+1}=a_{n+1}-2a_n\),构造\(\{a_{n+1}-2a_n\}\)为等差数列;
类型Ⅴ:
形如\(a_{n+1}=\cfrac{a_n}{na_n+1}\),或\(a_{n+1}=f(a_n)\),分式函数,构造变形方向:
两边同时取倒数,得到\(\cfrac{1}{a_{n+1}}=\cfrac{1}{a_n}+n\),即\(b_{n+1}-b_n=f(n)\)型,累加法
类型Ⅵ:
形如\(a_{n+1}=2\cdot a_n+3^n\),或\(a_{n+1}=f(n,a_n)\),并非关于\(n\)的多项式函数,构造变形方向:
两边同时除以\(3^{n+1}\),则得到\(\cfrac{a_{n+1}}{3^{n+1}}=\cfrac{2}{3}\cdot \cfrac{a_n}{3^n}+\cfrac{1}{3}\),即\(b_{n+1}=pb_n+q\)型,
再如\(a_{n+1}=\cfrac{1}{2}a_n+\cfrac{1}{2^{n-1}}\),两边同乘以\(2^{n+1}\),
得到\(2^{n+1}\cdot a_{n+1}=2^n\cdot a_n+4\),即转化为\(b_{n+1}-b_n=d\)型;
类型Ⅶ:
形如\(S_{n+1}-S_n = k\cdot S_{n+1}\cdot S_n\),(\(k\)为常数),构造变形方向:
等式两边同除以非零因子\(S_{n+1}\cdot S_n\),得到\(\cfrac{1}{S_n}-\cfrac{1}{S_{n+1}}=k\),构造\(\{\cfrac{1}{S_n}\}\)为等差数列。
同样的变形,形如\(a_{n+1}-a_n = k\cdot a_{n+1}\cdot a_n\),(\(k\)为常数),
类型Ⅷ:
形如如\(a_{n+1}=p\cdot a_n^m\),(\(p,m\)为常数),构造变形方向:
两边取常用对数,得到\(lga_{n+1}=lgp+mlga_n\),即\(b_{n+1}=pb_n+q\)型,
类型Ⅸ:
- 形如\(a_{n+1}\cdot a_n=2^n\),构造变形方向:
得到\(a_{n+2}\cdot a_{n+1}=2^{n+1}\),做商得到\(\cfrac{a_{n+2}}{a_n}=2\),即所有的奇数项和偶数项各自成等比数列。
- 形如\(a_{n+1}+a_n=2n\),构造变形方向:
得到\(a_{n+2}+a_{n+1}=2(n+1)\),做差得到\(a_{n+2}-a_n=2\),即所有的奇数项和偶数项各自成等差数列。
类型Ⅹ:
形如\(a_{n+m}=a_n+a_m\),构造变形方向:
赋值\(m=1\),得到\(a_{n+1}- a_n=a_1\),即得到等差数列。
形如\(a_{n+m}=a_n\cdot a_m\),构造变形方向:
赋值\(m=1\),得到\(a_{n+1}= a_n\cdot a_1\),即得到等比数列。