library引入
常常,我们会进行加减乘除的操作,如下的函数就是对两个函数参数进行了四则运算。
1 2 3 4 5 6 function operate (uint a, uint b ) pure returns (uint,uint,uint,uint ) { uint add = a+b; uint sub = a-b; uint mul = a*b; uint div = a/b; }
library库
上面的函数其实是有问题的,因为它不能够避免出错,例如如果为b传递为0,就会报错。并且没有防止溢出***的问题。有很多时候,对于一些基础性的操作,我们可以把他们封装起来,这就是library库的作用。
library的定义
如下例所示,就是上面4则运算使用的library库,对于溢出等进行了问题规避。 library库中,不能包含状态变量、
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 library SafeMath{ function mul(uint a,uint b) pure returns(uint){ uint c = a*b; assert(c/a==b); return c; } function div(uint a,uint b) pure returns(uint){ uint c = a/b; assert(a== b*c +a%b); return c; } function sub(uint a,uint b) pure returns(uint){ assert(a>=b); return a-b; } function add(uint a,uint b) pure returns(uint){ uint c = a+b; assert(c>=a); return c; } }
library库的使用
直接使用库函数中的函数。
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 function operate (uint a,uint b ) pure returns (uint,uint,uint,uint ) { uint jia = SafeMath.add(a,b); uint jian = SafeMath.sub(a,b); uint cheng =SafeMath.mul(a,b); uint chu = SafeMath.div(a,b); return (jia,jian,cheng,chu); }
方式2:使用 using SafeMath for uint之后,可以调用库函数。例如a.add(b) 意味着 执行了safemath库中的 add(a,b)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 using SafeMath for uint; function operate2 (uint a,uint b ) pure returns (uint,uint,uint,uint ) { uint jia = a.add(b); uint jian = a.sub(b); uint cheng =a.mul(b); uint chu = a.div(b); return (jia,jian,cheng,chu); }
library库深入机制
使用library,底层是使用了delegatecall来远程的调用另外一个合约的代码。只有在某些极少数的情况下,并不是使用了远程调用,而是编译器直接将library库的代码嵌套进了合约中。 例如:下面的例子中,library库中的代码全是pure类型,并且使用了SafeMath.add的方式来调用合约,因此,在编译的时候,会直接将library库的add方法加载到合约中。
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 pragma solidity 0.4.23; library SafeMath{ function add(uint a,uint b) pure returns(uint){ uint c = a+b; assert(c>=a); return c; } } contract math{ function operate(uint a,uint b) returns(uint){ uint jia = SafeMath.add(a,b); return(jia); } }
当library库中,有this关键字,函数参数中有storage属性,或者使用了using SafeMath for uint来调用library库的时候,会使用到远程的library库。 下面的例子,编译器都会需要外部的一个library库的地址,从而能够远程调用到library合约。
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 pragma solidity 0.4.23; library SafeMath{ function add(uint a,uint b) pure returns(uint){ uint c = a+b; assert(c>=a); return c; } } contract math{ using SafeMath for uint; function operate(uint a,uint b) returns(uint){ uint jia = a.add(b); return(jia); } }
编译math合约的时候,其二进制代码如下:
1 "608060405234801561001057600080fd5b5061017c806100206000396000f300608060405260043610610041576000357c0100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000900463ffffffff168063db17ebcd14610046575b600080fd5b34801561005257600080fd5b5061007b6004803603810190808035906020019092919080359060200190929190505050610091565b6040518082815260200191505060405180910390f35b6000808373__browser/test6.sol:SafeMath____________63771602f79091856040518363ffffffff167c0100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000028152600401808381526020018281526020019250505060206040518083038186803b15801561010957600080fd5b505af415801561011d573d6000803e3d6000fd5b505050506040513d602081101561013357600080fd5b8101908080519060200190929190505050905080915050929150505600a165627a7a7230582006c538588770740653d6eba03016e0ef64c5da4f370291bdb71ea916cfbf166a0029"
注意到,在此二进制代码中,有一段预留的标识符,其是__browser/test6.sol:SafeMath____________
.这一段预留的标识符就是远程library库的地址。
完整代码
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 pragma solidity 0.4 .23 ; library SafeMath{ function mul (uint a,uint b ) pure returns (uint ) { uint c = a*b; assert(c/a==b); return c; } function div (uint a,uint b ) pure returns (uint ) { uint c = a/b; assert(a== b*c +a%b); return c; } function sub (uint a,uint b ) pure returns (uint ) { assert(a>=b); return a-b; } function add (uint a,uint b ) pure returns (uint ) { uint c = a+b; assert(c>=a); return c; } } contract math{ using SafeMath for uint; function operate (uint a,uint b ) returns (uint,uint,uint,uint ) { uint jia = SafeMath.add(a,b); uint jian = SafeMath.sub(a,b); uint cheng =SafeMath.mul(a,b); uint chu = SafeMath.div(a,b); return (jia,jian,cheng,chu); } function operate2 (uint a,uint b ) returns (uint,uint,uint,uint ) { uint jia = a.add(b); uint jian = a.sub(b); uint cheng =a.mul(b); uint chu = a.div(b); return (jia,jian,cheng,chu); } }
复杂library例子
下例中,CounterContract合约 使用了CounterLib库中的结构体构建了自己的结构体变量counter。并调用了CounterLib库中的方法,实现了counter中i加一的操作。
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 pragma solidity ^0.4 .23 ; library CounterLib { struct Counter { uint i; } function incremented (Counter storage self ) returns (uint ) { return ++self.i; } } contract CounterContract { using CounterLib for CounterLib.Counter; CounterLib.Counter counter; function increment ( ) returns (uint ) { return counter.incremented(); } }
转载于:https://blog.51cto.com/13784902/2322324