该答案适用于遇到带有图像的PDF并需要使用OCR的任何人。我找不到可行的开箱即用的解决方案; 没有什么可以给我我所需的准确性。
这是我发现可以使用的步骤。
使用
Tesseract
检测旋转, 然后使用
ImageMagick
mogrify
进行修复。
使用OpenCV搜索和提取表。
使用OpenCV查找并提取表中的每个单元格。
使用OpenCV修剪并清除每个单元格, 以免使OCR软件混乱。
使用Tesseract识别每个单元格。
将每个单元格的提取文本合并为所需的格式。
我写了一个带有模块的python软件包, 可以帮助完成这些步骤。
其中一些步骤不需要任何代码, 它们使用外部工具, 例如
pdfimages
和
tesseract
。我将给出一些需要代码的步骤的快速示例。
搜索表格:
import cv2
def find_tables(image):
BLUR_KERNEL_SIZE = (17, 17)
STD_DEV_X_DIRECTION = 0
STD_DEV_Y_DIRECTION = 0
blurred = cv2.GaussianBlur(image, BLUR_KERNEL_SIZE, STD_DEV_X_DIRECTION, STD_DEV_Y_DIRECTION)
MAX_COLOR_VAL = 255
BLOCK_SIZE = 15
SUBTRACT_FROM_MEAN = -2
img_bin = cv2.adaptiveThreshold(
~blurred,
MAX_COLOR_VAL,
cv2.ADAPTIVE_THRESH_MEAN_C,
cv2.THRESH_BINARY,
BLOCK_SIZE,
SUBTRACT_FROM_MEAN,
)
vertical = horizontal = img_bin.copy()
SCALE = 5
image_width, image_height = horizontal.shape
horizontal_kernel = cv2.getStructuringElement(cv2.MORPH_RECT, (int(image_width / SCALE), 1))
horizontally_opened = cv2.morphologyEx(img_bin, cv2.MORPH_OPEN, horizontal_kernel)
vertical_kernel = cv2.getStructuringElement(cv2.MORPH_RECT, (1, int(image_height / SCALE)))
vertically_opened = cv2.morphologyEx(img_bin, cv2.MORPH_OPEN, vertical_kernel)
horizontally_dilated = cv2.dilate(horizontally_opened, cv2.getStructuringElement(cv2.MORPH_RECT, (40, 1)))
vertically_dilated = cv2.dilate(vertically_opened, cv2.getStructuringElement(cv2.MORPH_RECT, (1, 60)))
mask = horizontally_dilated + vertically_dilated
contours, hierarchy = cv2.findContours(
mask, cv2.RETR_EXTERNAL, cv2.CHAIN_APPROX_SIMPLE,
)
MIN_TABLE_AREA = 1e5
contours = [c for c in contours if cv2.contourArea(c) > MIN_TABLE_AREA]
perimeter_lengths = [cv2.arcLength(c, True) for c in contours]
epsilons = [0.1 * p for p in perimeter_lengths]
approx_polys = [cv2.approxPolyDP(c, e, True) for c, e in zip(contours, epsilons)]
bounding_rects = [cv2.boundingRect(a) for a in approx_polys]
# The link where a lot of this code was borrowed from recommends an
# additional step to check the number of "joints" inside this bounding rectangle.
# A table should have a lot of intersections. We might have a rectangular image
# here though which would only have 4 intersections, 1 at each corner.
# Leaving that step as a future TODO if it is ever necessary.
images = [image[y:y+h, x:x+w] for x, y, w, h in bounding_rects]
return images
从表中提取单元格。
这与2非常相似, 因此我不会包含所有代码。我将提到的部分是有关对单元格进行排序的。
我们要从左到右以及从上到下识别单元格。
我们将在左上角找到一个矩形。然后我们找到所有中心在左上矩形的顶部和底部Y值内的矩形。然后, 我们根据这些矩形中心的x值对这些矩形进行排序。我们将从列表中删除这些矩形并重复。
def cell_in_same_row(c1, c2):
c1_center = c1[1] + c1[3] - c1[3] / 2
c2_bottom = c2[1] + c2[3]
c2_top = c2[1]
return c2_top < c1_center < c2_bottom
orig_cells = [c for c in cells]
rows = []
while cells:
first = cells[0]
rest = cells[1:]
cells_in_same_row = sorted(
[
c for c in rest
if cell_in_same_row(c, first)
],
key=lambda c: c[0]
)
row_cells = sorted([first] + cells_in_same_row, key=lambda c: c[0])
rows.append(row_cells)
cells = [
c for c in rest
if not cell_in_same_row(c, first)
]
# Sort rows by average height of their center.
def avg_height_of_center(row):
centers = [y + h - h / 2 for x, y, w, h in row]
return sum(centers) / len(centers)
rows.sort(key=avg_height_of_center)