java高并发需求1000访问100_实战java高并发程序设计第二章

1.线程的基本状态

2.线程的基本操作

3. volatile与java内存模型

4.线程组

5.守护线程(Daemon)

6.线程优先级

7.线程安全与synchronized

8.隐蔽错误

1.线程的基本状态

线程的生命周期

2.线程的基本操作

新建线程

Thread tl=new Thread(){

@override

public void run(){

System.out.println("Hel1o,I am t1");

};

t1.start();

t1.start();

终止线程

Thread.stop() //立即终止线程所有活动

stop()方法在结束线程时,会直接终止线程,并立即释放这个线程所持有的锁,可能引起数据不一致,强烈建议不使用!!

//正确停止线程的方法

public static class ChangeObjectThread extends Thread {

volatile boolean stopme = false; //标记位,记录是否要停止线程

public void stopMe(){

stopme = true;

}

@Override

public void run() {

while (true) {

if (stopme){ //在合适的地方停止线程,避免数据不一致

System.out.println("exit by stop me");

break;

}

synchronized (u) {

int v = (int) (System.currentTimeMillis() / 1000);

u.setId(v);

//Oh, do sth. else

try {

Thread.sleep(100);

} catch (InterruptedException e) {

e.printStackTrace();

}

u.setName(String.valueOf(v));

}

Thread.yield();

}

}

}

线程中断

public void Thread.interrupt() //中断线程,仅发送通知,设置标记位,等待合适时机线程中断

public boolean Thread.isInterrupted() //判断是否被中断,判断标记位

public static boolean Thread.interrupted()//判断是否被中断，并清除当前中断状态

Thread tl=new Thread(){

@Override

public void run(){

while(true){

if(Thread.currentThread().isInterrupted()){ //需要设立中断处理方法,否则无法响应中断

System.out.println("Interruted!");

break；

)

Thread.yield()；

}

public class InterruputSleepThread {

public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {

Thread t1=new Thread(){

@Override

public void run(){

while(true){

if(Thread.currentThread().isInterrupted()){

System.out.println("Interruted!");

break;

}

try {

Thread.sleep(2000); //由于中断而抛出异常会清除中断标记

} catch (InterruptedException e) {

System.out.println("Interruted When Sleep"); //sleep被中断后,重置标记位继续运行,保证数据一致性和完整性

//设置中断状态

Thread.currentThread().interrupt();

}

Thread.yield();

}

}

};

t1.start();

Thread.sleep(2000);

t1.interrupt();

}

}

等待(wait)和通知(notify)

public final void wait() throws InterruptedException;

public final native void notify();

object.wait()和object.notify()方法必须包含在synchronized关键字中,因为要获取对象的监视器(monitor对象)

public class SimpleWN {

final static Object object = new Object();

public static class T1 extends Thread{

public void run()

{

synchronized (object) {

System.out.println(System.currentTimeMillis()+":T1 start! ");

try {

System.out.println(System.currentTimeMillis()+":T1 wait for object ");

object.wait();

} catch (InterruptedException e) {

e.printStackTrace();

}

System.out.println(System.currentTimeMillis()+":T1 end!");

}

}

}

public static class T2 extends Thread{

public void run()

{

synchronized (object) {

System.out.println(System.currentTimeMillis()+":T2 start! notify one thread");

object.notify();

System.out.println(System.currentTimeMillis()+":T2 end!");

try {

Thread.sleep(2000); //此处sleep()2秒,T1此时仍然需要等待2秒才会继续执行

} catch (InterruptedException e) {

}

}

}

}

public static void main(String[] args) {

Thread t1 = new T1() ;

Thread t2 = new T2() ;

t1.start();

t2.start();

//输出:

//1565249714094:T1 start!

//1565249714094:T1 wait for object

//1565249714094:T2 start! notify one thread

//1565249714094:T2 end!

//1565249716094:T1 end!

}

}

wait()和sleep()的区别:

1.wait必须在同步条件内使用,sleep无此要求

2.wait释放锁,sleep不会释放

3.wait为Object内的实例方法,sleep为Thread的静态方法

4.wait需要调用对象的notify方法唤醒,sleep知道时间结束或者被interrupt打断

挂起(suspend)和继续执行(resume)

废弃方法,不作介绍!!有需求可使用wait和notify

等待线程结束(join)和谦让yield

public final void join() throws InterruptedException //一直阻塞线程直至结束

public final synchronized vold join(long millis)throws InterruptedException //给出最大等待时间

join的机制实际为在方法调用线程循环wait,如下join()核心代码:

while(isAlive()){

wait(0);

}

public static native void yield();

yield()方法表示当前线程让出cpu计算资源,但还是会参与cpu资源的争夺,一般用于防止低优先级线程占用太多cpu资源

3. volatile与java内存模型

volatile关键字可以保证一定的原子性,但是不能替代锁,不能保证100%线程安全

volatile可以保证可见性和有序性,充当内存栅栏,禁止指令重拍

4.线程组

当一个系统中线程较多且功能分配比较明确是可以使用线程组

public class ThreadGroupName implements Runnable {

public static void main(String[] args) {

ThreadGroup tg = new ThreadGroup("PrintGroup");

Thread t1 = new Thread(tg, new ThreadGroupName(), "T1");

Thread t2 = new Thread(tg, new ThreadGroupName(), "T2");

t1.start();

t2.start();

System.out.println(tg.activeCount()); //2

tg.list(); //java.lang.ThreadGroup[name=PrintGroup,maxpri=10]

// Thread[T1,5,PrintGroup]

// Thread[T2,5,PrintGroup]

}

@Override

public void run() {

String groupAndName = Thread.currentThread().getThreadGroup().getName()

+ "-" + Thread.currentThread().getName();

while (true) {

System.out.println("I am " + groupAndName);

try {

Thread.sleep(3000);

} catch (InterruptedException e) {

e.printStackTrace();

}

}

}

}

activeCount()获取线程组中的活动线程数

list()则打印线程组中的所有线程信息

5.守护线程(Daemon)

守护线程在后台执行,如垃圾回收线程,与之对应的为用户线程,当守护线程要守护的对象不存在了,则守护线程自动退出

当一个java应用中只有守护线程时,java虚拟机自动退出

public class DaemonDemo {

public static class DaemonT extends Thread{

public void run(){

while(true){

System.out.println("I am alive");

try {

Thread.sleep(1000);

} catch (InterruptedException e) {

e.printStackTrace();

}

}

}

}

public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {

Thread t=new DaemonT();

t.setDaemon(true); //此方法必须在start方法前

t.start();

Thread.sleep(2000);

}

}

上述代码中 t被设置为守护线程,当主线程退出时,守护线程也会退出;若未设置为守护线程,主线程退出后,t线程将依旧打印.

6.线程优先级

线程可以设置优先级,优先级高的线程获取到cpu资源的概率会更大(但不是一定会比低优先级的线程先获取到cpu资源)

public class PriorityDemo {

public static class HightPriority extends Thread{

static int count=0;

public void run(){

while(true){

synchronized(PriorityDemo.class){ //此处锁住该类是为了让产生一次资源竞争,使优先级差异表现更为明显

count++;

if(count>10000000){

System.out.println("HightPriority is complete");

break;

}

}

}

}

}

public static class LowPriority extends Thread{

static int count=0;

public void run(){

while(true){

synchronized(PriorityDemo.class){

count++;

if(count>10000000){

System.out.println("LowPriority is complete");

break;

}

}

}

}

}

/**

* HightPriority先完成的次数多，但是 不保证

* @param args

* @throws InterruptedException

*/

public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {

Thread high=new HightPriority();

LowPriority low=new LowPriority();

high.setPriority(Thread.MAX_PRIORITY); //此方法可以设置优先级 0-10 数字

low.setPriority(Thread.MIN_PRIORITY);

low.start();

high.start();

}

}

试验多次HightPriority总是能比LowPriority快,但是不保证一定是这样.

7.线程安全与synchronized

synchronized为重量级同步锁,实现线程间的同步,sychronize锁住的对象、方法和代码块,每一次只能有一个线程进行访问,从而保证了线程的安全

用法:

指定锁对象: synchronized(object){.....}

指定实例方法 : public synchronized void println()

指定静态方法: public static synchronized void println()

public class BadAccountingSync2 implements Runnable{

static int i=0;

public static synchronized void increase(){ //此处如果不适用static则为线程不安全,最终i值必定小于20000

i++;

}

@Override

public void run() {

for(int j=0;j<10000;j++){

increase();

}

}

public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {

Thread t1=new Thread(new BadAccountingSync2());

Thread t2=new Thread(new BadAccountingSync2());

t1.start();t2.start();

t1.join();t2.join();

System.out.println(i); //输出20000

}

}

8.隐蔽错误

数值溢出

int v1=1073741827;

int v2=1431655768；

System.out,println("vl="+v1)； //1073741827

System.out.println("v2="+v2)； //1431655768

int ave=(vl+v2)/2;

System.out,println("ave="+ave); //-894784850 数值溢出,两int数值相加超过int最大值时溢出

并发不安全的arraylist

public class ArrayListMultiThread {

static ArrayList al = new ArrayList(10);

public static class AddThread implements Runnable {

@Override

public void run() {

for (int i = 0; i < 1000000; i++) {

al.add(i);

}

}

}

public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {

Thread t1=new Thread(new AddThread());

Thread t2=new Thread(new AddThread());

t1.start();

t2.start();

t1.join();t2.join();

System.out.println(al.size());

}

}

以上程序可能会有三个结果

1.正常结束,打印值为2000000 (运气好)

2.正常结束,打印值小于2000000 (一般情况下会出现这种并发不安全的现象)

3.抛出异常,arrayindexoutofbound(扩容过程中内部一致性遭破坏,导致数组越界)

如何避免此问题?

使用线程安全的vector代替arraylist

并发不安全的hashmap

public class JDK8HashMapMultiThread {

static Map map = new HashMap();

static int nullNum = 0; //记录空值数

public static class AddThread implements Runnable {

int start = 0;

public AddThread(int start) {

this.start = start;

}

@Override

public void run() {

for (int i = start; i < 10000; i += 2) {

map.put(Integer.toString(i), Integer.toString(i));

}

}

}

public static void test() throws Exception {

Thread t1 = new Thread(new JDK8HashMapMultiThread.AddThread(0));

Thread t2 = new Thread(new JDK8HashMapMultiThread.AddThread(1));

t1.start();

t2.start();

t1.join();

t2.join();

}

public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {

test();

for (int i = 0; i < 10000; i++) {

if (map.get("" + i) == null) {

nullNum += 1;

}

}

System.out.println(10000 - nullNum); //hashmap中存有的entry数

System.out.println(map.size()); //hashmap中size属性的值

}

}

打印值为: 6573

9715

打印结果不一定,但可以看出线程一定不安全,原因在于:

1.put时,两个entry的key hash值一致,同时进入插入代码,导致只有一个值插入成功

2.插入成功后size数值 进行size++,非原子操作,导致并发不安全

注意:

另网上有其他博文说会产生resize闭链问题,此问题只存在jdk1.8版本以前,1.8版本已优化过hashmap,故不存在闭链问题

想要避免并发问题可以使用concurrenthashmap

错误的加锁

public class BadLockOnInteger implements Runnable{

public static Integer i=0; //integer为不变类型,对其加锁无效

static BadLockOnInteger instance=new BadLockOnInteger();

@Override

public void run() {

for(int j=0;j<1000000;j++){

synchronized(i){

// synchronized(instance){ //改为对instance加锁即线程安全了

i++;

}

}

}

public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {

Thread t1=new Thread(instance);

Thread t2=new Thread(instance);

t1.start();t2.start();

t1.join();t2.join();

System.out.println(i); //打印值小于2000000

}

}

注意:

对于不变对象如基本类型 Integer String 等加锁,相当于每次都锁不同的对象,从而导致并发问题产生.