and在线计算机,《计算机器与智能_Computing_Machinery_and_Intelligence(图灵)》.pdf

《计算机器与智能_Computing_Machinery_and_Intelligence(图灵)》.pdf

Turing, A.M. (1950). Computing machinery and intelligence. Mind, 59, 433-460.

COMPUTING MACHINERY AND INTELLIGENCE

By A. M. Turing

1. The Imitation Game

I propose to consider the question, "Can machines think?" This should begin with

definitions of the meaning of the terms "machine" and "think." The definitions

might be framed so as to reflect so far as possible the normal use of the words, but

this attitude is dangerous, If the meaning of the words "machine" and "think" are to

be found by examining how they are commonly used it is difficult to escape the

conclusion that the meaning and the answer to the question, "Can machines think?"

is to be sought in a statistical survey such as a Gallup poll. But this is absurd.

Instead of attempting such a definition I shall replace the question by another,

which is closely related to it and is expressed in relatively unambiguous words.

The new form of the problem can be described in terms of a game which we call

the 'imitation game." It is played with three people, a man (A), a woman (B), and

an interrogator (C) who may be of either sex. The interrogator stays in a room apart

front the other two. The object of the game for the interrogator is to determine

which of the other two is the man and which is the woman. He knows them by

labels X and Y, and at the end of the game he says either "X is A and Y is B" or

"X is B and Y is A." The interrogator is allowed to put questions to A and B thus:

C: Will X please tell me the length of his or her hair?

Now suppose X is actually A, then A must answer. It is A's object in the game to

try and cause C to make the wrong identification. His