还在分不清protected和private吗，本文一分钟讲懂ruby中protected和private区别

Ruby 为您提供了三个级别的实例方法保护，分别是 public、private 或 protected。

Public 方法： Public 方法可被任意对象调用。默认情况下，方法都是 public 的，除了 initialize 方法总是 private 的。

Private 方法： 不能从外部访问，但是可以在类里面（或子类）用类方法访问，不能被类的对象调用（比如self.fun）；

Protected 方法： 不能从外部访问，但是可以在类里面（或子类）用类方法访问，能被类的对象调用(比如self.fun)，这里的调用只针对在类里面；

NOTE：private个protected都不能从外部访问，也就是不能实例化一个类，然后用类点函数来访问！

代码演示：pub.rb

  class Student
  Version = 2
  @@student_counts = 0
  attr_accessor :name, :no, :sex
  def initialize(name, no, sex)
    @name = name
    @no = no
    @sex = sex
  end

  def self.clazz_fun
    puts "This is a class method"
  end

  class << self
    def clazz_cun_2
      puts "This is a class method which the second way to write"
    end 

    def clazz_fun_3
      puts "This is a class method which the third way to write"
    end 
  end 

  def pub_fun
    puts "This is the common way #{@name}, #{self.no}, #{@sex}"
    pro_fun
    puts "the protected way can be called in this common way"
    pri_fun
    puts "the privated way can be called in this common way"
  end 

  public :pub_fun

  def pro_fun
    puts "This is a procted way"
  end 
  
  protected :pro_fun

  def pri_fun
    puts "This is a privated way"
  end

  private :pri_fun

end

Student.clazz_fun
s = Student.new("young", 24, "hanzi")
s.pub_fun

puts "---------------------------"

class Student
  def test
    self.pro_fun
    self.pub_fun
    # self.pri_fun   ERROR: pub.rb:60:in `test': private method `pri_fun' called for #<Student:0x00007f45990838c0 @name="young", @no=24, @sex="hanzi"> (NoMethodError) Did you mean?  pro_fun

  end
end

s.test

puts "+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++"

class MiddleStudent < Student
  def sub_fun
    pub_fun
    pro_fun
    pri_fun
    puts "1111111111111111111111"
    self.pub_fun
    self.pro_fun
    # self.pri_fun   ERROR: pub.rb:76:in `sub_fun': private method `pri_fun' called for #<MiddleStudent:0x00007f71c8bc64e8> (NoMethodError) Did you mean?  pro_fun

  end
end

MiddleStudent.clazz_fun
ms = MiddleStudent.new("yooy", 10, "girl")
ms.sub_fun

执行ruby pub.rb

结果：

分析结果：

在59行，我们可以看到，直接self.pri_fun，会报错，是因为：虽然这里依然是在类里面，但是self.就代表这是类的对象，我们上面说的是，private不能被类的对象调用，所以报错， 而58行的self.pub_fun没有报错，是因为在类里面，protect的方法可以被类的对象调用~

76行的报错也同理。