数据库的触发器是由事件来触发某个操作,这些事件包括insert语句,update语句和delete语句。不需要用什么进行调用,只要一个预定义的事件发生就会被自动调用。
数据源
create table t_dept(
deptno int(4),
deptname varchar(20),
product varchar(20),
location varchar(20));
insert into t_dept
values
(1,'develop department','pivot_gaea','west_3'),
(2,'test department','sky_start','east_4'),
(3,'operate department','cloud_4','south_4'),
(4,'maintain department','fly_4','north_5');
create table t_logger(
lid int(11),
tablename varchar(20),
ltime datetime);
desc t_logger;
创建触发器
语法形式:
create trigger (给这个触发器取个名字)
before|after (事件:insert,delete,update) on (表名) for each row
(触发后被执行的语句);
- 创建有一条执行语句的触发器
在往t_dept表插入数据之前先在日志表中插入
create trigger tri_loggertime
before insert on t_dept for each row
insert into t_logger values (null,'t_dept',now());
测试下:
insert into t_dept values (1,'HR','pivot_geea','west_3');
select * from from t_dept;
select * from from t_logger;
- 创建有多条执行语句的触发器
语法:
create trigger (给这个触发器取个名字)
before|after (事件:insert,delete,update) on (表名) for each row
begin
(触发后被执行的语句)
end;
和创建一条执行语句相比,这里多了关键字begin和end,在这两个关键字之间放置执行语句,执行语句之间用分号隔开。
delimiter $$
create trigger tri_loggertime2
after insert
on t_dept for each row
BEGIN
insert into t_logger values (null,'t_dept',now());
insert into t_logger values (null,'t_dept',now());
end;
$$
delimiter ;
insert into t_dept values (2,'test department','sky','east_4');
select * from t_logger;
查看触发器
use infomation_schema;
select * from t_logger where trigger_name = 'tri_loggertime2';
删除触发器
drop trigger tri_loggertime;
综合示例——创建并使用触发器
数据准备
create table t_class(
classno int(11) default null,
cname varchar(20) default null,
loc varchar(40) default null,
advisor varchar(20) default null,
studentCount int(4) default 0);
insert into t_class(classno,cname,loc,advisor,studentCount)
values
(1,'class_1','loc_1','advisor_1',0),
(2,'class_2','loc_2','advisor_2',0),
(3,'class_3','loc_3','advisor_3',0),
(4,'class_4','loc_4','advisor_4',0);
create table t_student (
id int(10) DEFAULT NULL,
tname varchar(20) DEFAULT NULL,
gender varchar(10) DEFAULT NULL,
age int(4) DEFAULT NULL,
classno int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
totalScore int(4) default 0);
insert into t_student(id,tname,gender,age,classno,totalScore)
values (1001,'Alicia Florric','Female',33,1,0),
(1002,'Kalinda Sharma','Female',31,1,0),
(1003,'Cary Agos','Male',27,1,0),
(1004,'Diane Lockhart','Female',43,2,0),
(1005,'Eli Gold','Male',44,3,0),
(1006,'Peter Florric','Male',34,3,0),
(1007,'Will Gardner','Male',38,2,0),
(1008,'Jackquiline Florriok','Male',38,4,0),
(1009,'Zach Florriok','Male',14,4,0),
(1010,'Grace Florriok','Male',12,4,0);
create table t_score(
stuid int(11) not null,
Chinese int(4) default 0,
English int(4) default 0,
Math int(4) default 0,
Chemistry int(4) default 0,
Physics int(4) default 0);
insert into t_score (stuid,Chinese,English,Math,Chemistry,Physics)
values
(1001,90,89,92,83,80),
(1002,92,98,92,93,90),
(1003,79,78,82,83,89),
(1004,89,92,91,92,89),
(1005,92,95,91,92,89),
(1006,90,91,92,94,92),
(1007,91,90,83,88,93),
(1008,90,81,84,86,98),
(1009,91,84,85,86,93),
(1010,88,81,82,84,99);
- 增减班级人数
现在数据库中有三张表,分别是班级表,学生表和学生成绩表,每次向学生成绩表中新插入一个学生,班级表中对应的班级人数就会增加1,如果删除一个学生,对应的人数就会减1。
delimiter $$
create trigger update_stu_count
AFTER insert on t_student for each row
BEGIN
update t_class set studentCount = studentCount+1
where classno = new.classno;
end;
$$
delimiter ;
NEW 与 OLD 详解
上述示例中使用了NEW关键字,用来表示触发器的所在表中,触发了触发器的那一行数据。
具体地:
INSERT 型触发器中,NEW 用来表示将要(BEFORE)或已经(AFTER)插入的新数据;
UPDATE 型触发器中,OLD 用来表示将要或已经被修改的原数据,NEW 用来表示将要或已经修改为的新数据;
DELETE 型触发器中,OLD 用来表示将要或已经被删除的原数据;
使用方法: NEW.columnName (columnName 为相应数据表某一列名)
另外,OLD 是只读的,而 NEW 则可以在触发器中使用 SET 赋值,这样不会再次触发触发器,造成循环调用(如每插入一个学生前,都在其学号前加“2019”)。
测试下结果:
insert into t_student values
(1,'xxj','F',18,1,0),
(3,'xxj2','F',18,1,0),
(4,'xxj3','F',18,2,0);
select * from t_student;
select * from t_class;
- 学生成绩表中更新一条记录,就会改变总分值的计算
insert into t_score values (1,79,80,90,90,80);
select * from t_score;
select * from t_student;
update t_score set Chinese=90;
select * from t_score;
select * from t_student;