一、核心要义
1. 一元运算符重载
2.加法和乘法运算符重载
3.比较运算符重载
4.增量赋值运算符重载
二、代码示例
1、一元运算符重载
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
# @Time : 2024/2/25 10:35
# @Author : Maple
# @File : 01-一元运算符.py
# @Software: PyCharm
"""
为第10章的Vector类重载运算符 +(__pos__,实现效果: x = +x) 和 - (__neg__,实现效果 x = -x)
"""
import functools
import math
import operator
import reprlib
from array import array
class Vector:
typecode = 'd'
shortcut_names = 'xyzt'
def __init__(self, components):
self._components = array(self.typecode, components)
def __repr__(self):
# 返回的components是str类型
components = reprlib.repr(self._components)
components = components[components.find('['):-1]
return 'Vector({})'.format(components)
def __str__(self):
return str(tuple(self))
def __iter__(self):
return iter(self._components)
def __bytes__(self):
return (bytes([ord(self.typecode)]) + bytes(self._components))
def __bool__(self):
return bool(abs(self))
def __abs__(self):
return math.sqrt(sum(x * x for x in self._components))
@classmethod
def frombytes(cls, octets):
typecode = chr(octets[0])
memv = memoryview(octets[1:]).cast(typecode)
return cls(memv)
def __len__(self):
return len(self._components)
def __getitem__(self, index):
cls = type(self)
if isinstance(index, slice):
return cls(self._components[index])
elif isinstance(index, numbers.Integral):
return self._components[index]
else:
msg = '{cls.__name__} indices must be integers'
return TypeError(msg.format(cls=cls))
def __getattr__(self, item):
# 只有当v.x实例不存在x属性时,才会调用getattr
cls = type(self)
if len(item) == 1:
position = cls.shortcut_names.find(item)
if 0 <= position < len(self._components):
return self._components[position]
msg = '{.__name__!r} object has not attribute {!r}'
raise AttributeError(msg.format(cls, item))
def __setattr__(self, name, value):
cls = type(self)
if len(name) == 1:
# 限制修改'xyzt'单字母属性值
if name in cls.shortcut_names:
error = 'readonly attribute {attr_name!r}'
elif name.islower():
# 限制修改单字母(a-z)的属性值
error = "can't set attributes 'a' to 'z' in {cls_name}!r"
else:
error = ''
if error:
msg = error.format(cls_name=cls, attr_name=name)
raise AttributeError(msg)
# 允许修改名字为其它值的属性
super().__setattr__(name, value)
def __eq__(self, other):
# 如果分量太多,下面这种方式效率太低
# return tuple(self) == tuple(other)
if len(self) != len(other):
return False
for x, y in zip(self, other):
if x != y:
return False
return True
def __hash__(self):
# 生成一个迭代器
hashes = (hash(x) for x in self._components)
return functools.reduce(operator.xor, hashes, 0)
# 等价于下面的写法
# return functools.reduce(lambda x,y : x *y ,hashes,0)
# - 运算符重载
def __neg__(self):
return Vector(-x for x in self)
# + 运算符重载
def __pos__(self):
return Vector(x for x in self)
if __name__ == '__main__':
# 1. - 运算符重载测试
v = Vector([1,2,3,4])
print(-v) # (-1.0, -2.0, -3.0, -4.0)
# 2. + 运算符重载测试
print(v == +v ) # True2、向量加法运算符重载
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
# @Time : 2024/2/25 10:44
# @Author : Maple
# @File : 02-重载向量加法运算符.py
# @Software: PyCharm
"""
1.对于序列类型，默认的加法运算行为是,比如 [1,2,3] + [1,1,1] = [1,2,3,1,1,1]
2.但实际我们预期的结果是 [1,2,3] + [1,1,1] = [2,3,4]
"""
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
# @Time : 2024/2/25 10:35
# @Author : Maple
# @File : 01-一元运算符.py
# @Software: PyCharm
import itertools
"""
为第10章的Vector类重载运算符 +(__pos__,实现效果: x = +x) 和 - (__neg__,实现效果 x = -x)
"""
import functools
import math
import operator
import reprlib
from array import array
class Vector:
typecode = 'd'
shortcut_names = 'xyzt'
def __init__(self, components):
self._components = array(self.typecode, components)
def __repr__(self):
# 返回的components是str类型
components = reprlib.repr(self._components)
components = components[components.find('['):-1]
return 'Vector({})'.format(components)
def __str__(self):
return str(tuple(self))
def __iter__(self):
return iter(self._components)
def __bytes__(self):
return (bytes([ord(self.typecode)]) + bytes(self._components))
def __bool__(self):
return bool(abs(self))
def __abs__(self):
return math.sqrt(sum(x * x for x in self._components))
@classmethod
def frombytes(cls, octets):
typecode = chr(octets[0])
memv = memoryview(octets[1:]).cast(typecode)
return cls(memv)
def __len__(self):
return len(self._components)
def __getitem__(self, index):
cls = type(self)
if isinstance(index, slice):
return cls(self._components[index])
elif isinstance(index, numbers.Integral):
return self._components[index]
else:
msg = '{cls.__name__} indices must be integers'
return TypeError(msg.format(cls=cls))
def __getattr__(self, item):
# 只有当v.x实例不存在x属性时,才会调用getattr
cls = type(self)
if len(item) == 1:
position = cls.shortcut_names.find(item)
if 0 <= position < len(self._components):
return self._components[position]
msg = '{.__name__!r} object has not attribute {!r}'
raise AttributeError(msg.format(cls, item))
def __setattr__(self, name, value):
cls = type(self)
if len(name) == 1:
# 限制修改'xyzt'单字母属性值
if name in cls.shortcut_names:
error = 'readonly attribute {attr_name!r}'
elif name.islower():
# 限制修改单字母(a-z)的属性值
error = "can't set attributes 'a' to 'z' in {cls_name}!r"
else:
error = ''
if error:
msg = error.format(cls_name=cls, attr_name=name)
raise AttributeError(msg)
# 允许修改名字为其它值的属性
super().__setattr__(name, value)
def __eq__(self, other):
# 如果分量太多,下面这种方式效率太低
# return tuple(self) == tuple(other)
if len(self) != len(other):
return False
for x, y in zip(self, other):
if x != y:
return False
return True
def __hash__(self):
# 生成一个迭代器
hashes = (hash(x) for x in self._components)
return functools.reduce(operator.xor, hashes, 0)
# 等价于下面的写法
# return functools.reduce(lambda x,y : x *y ,hashes,0)
# - 运算符重载
def __neg__(self):
return Vector(-x for x in self)
# + 运算符重载
def __pos__(self):
return Vector(x for x in self)
def __add__(self,other):
# 返回两个对象的配对元组迭代器
try:
pairs = itertools.zip_longest(self,other,fillvalue=0.0)
return Vector(a + b for a,b in pairs)
except TypeError:
raise NotImplemented
def __radd__(self, other):
# 调用方式other.__add__(self)
# 注意不要漏return
return self + other
if __name__ == '__main__':
# 1. - 运算符重载测试
v = Vector([1,2,3,4])
print(-v) # (-1.0, -2.0, -3.0, -4.0)
# 2. + 运算符重载测试
print(v == +v ) # True
# 3. 加法运算重载测试
"""基本流程
1. Vector对象 + 另外一个可迭代对象,正常返回结果
2. 非Vector类型的可迭代对象 + Vector对象,首先会调用add, 因为add方法要求第一个对象是Vector类型,所以会报错：can only concatenate tuple (not "Vector") to tuple
抛出NotImplemented错误
3. 程序会继续调用__radd__方法,之后就会调用Vector对象.__add__(other),然后正常返回结果
"""
print(v + (1,2,3,4)) #(2.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0)
print((1,2,3,4) + v) #(2.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0)3、向量乘法运算符重载
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
# @Time : 2024/2/25 11:05
# @Author : Maple
# @File : 03-重载标量乘法运算符.py
# @Software: PyCharm
import functools
import itertools
import numbers
from _ast import operator
from array import array
class Vector:
typecode = 'd'
shortcut_names = 'xyzt'
def __init__(self, components):
self._components = array(self.typecode, components)
def __repr__(self):
# 返回的components是str类型
components = reprlib.repr(self._components)
components = components[components.find('['):-1]
return 'Vector({})'.format(components)
def __str__(self):
return str(tuple(self))
def __iter__(self):
return iter(self._components)
def __bytes__(self):
return (bytes([ord(self.typecode)]) + bytes(self._components))
def __bool__(self):
return bool(abs(self))
def __abs__(self):
return math.sqrt(sum(x * x for x in self._components))
@classmethod
def frombytes(cls, octets):
typecode = chr(octets[0])
memv = memoryview(octets[1:]).cast(typecode)
return cls(memv)
def __len__(self):
return len(self._components)
def __getitem__(self, index):
cls = type(self)
if isinstance(index, slice):
return cls(self._components[index])
elif isinstance(index, numbers.Integral):
return self._components[index]
else:
msg = '{cls.__name__} indices must be integers'
return TypeError(msg.format(cls=cls))
def __getattr__(self, item):
# 只有当v.x实例不存在x属性时,才会调用getattr
cls = type(self)
if len(item) == 1:
position = cls.shortcut_names.find(item)
if 0 <= position < len(self._components):
return self._components[position]
msg = '{.__name__!r} object has not attribute {!r}'
raise AttributeError(msg.format(cls, item))
def __setattr__(self, name, value):
cls = type(self)
if len(name) == 1:
# 限制修改'xyzt'单字母属性值
if name in cls.shortcut_names:
error = 'readonly attribute {attr_name!r}'
elif name.islower():
# 限制修改单字母(a-z)的属性值
error = "can't set attributes 'a' to 'z' in {cls_name}!r"
else:
error = ''
if error:
msg = error.format(cls_name=cls, attr_name=name)
raise AttributeError(msg)
# 允许修改名字为其它值的属性
super().__setattr__(name, value)
def __eq__(self, other):
# 如果分量太多,下面这种方式效率太低
# return tuple(self) == tuple(other)
if len(self) != len(other):
return False
for x, y in zip(self, other):
if x != y:
return False
return True
def __hash__(self):
# 生成一个迭代器
hashes = (hash(x) for x in self._components)
return functools.reduce(operator.xor, hashes, 0)
# 等价于下面的写法
# return functools.reduce(lambda x,y : x *y ,hashes,0)
# - 运算符重载
def __neg__(self):
return Vector(-x for x in self)
# + 运算符重载
def __pos__(self):
return Vector(x for x in self)
def __add__(self,other):
# 返回两个对象的配对元组迭代器
try:
pairs = itertools.zip_longest(self,other,fillvalue=0.0)
return Vector(a + b for a,b in pairs)
except TypeError:
raise NotImplemented
def __radd__(self, other):
# 调用方式other.__add__(self)
# 注意不要漏return
return self + other
def __mul__(self, scalar):
# scalar参数的值要是数字
if isinstance(scalar,numbers.Real):
return Vector(n * scalar for n in self)
else:
return NotImplemented
def __rmul__(self, scalar):
return self * scalar
if __name__ == '__main__':
# 乘法运算符测试
v = Vector([1,2,3])
print(v * 2) # # (2.0, 4.0, 6
print(v * True) # (1.0, 2.0, 3.0)
from fractions import Fraction
print(v * Fraction(1,3)) # (0.3333333333333333, 0.6666666666666666, 1.0)
4、比较运算符重载
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
# @Time : 2024/2/25 12:48
# @Author : Maple
# @File : 04-比较运算符.py
# @Software: PyCharm
import functools
import itertools
import math
import numbers
from _ast import operator
from array import array
class Vector:
typecode = 'd'
shortcut_names = 'xyzt'
def __init__(self, components):
self._components = array(self.typecode, components)
def __repr__(self):
# 返回的components是str类型
components = reprlib.repr(self._components)
components = components[components.find('['):-1]
return 'Vector({})'.format(components)
def __str__(self):
return str(tuple(self))
def __iter__(self):
return iter(self._components)
def __bytes__(self):
return (bytes([ord(self.typecode)]) + bytes(self._components))
def __bool__(self):
return bool(abs(self))
def __abs__(self):
return math.sqrt(sum(x * x for x in self._components))
@classmethod
def frombytes(cls, octets):
typecode = chr(octets[0])
memv = memoryview(octets[1:]).cast(typecode)
return cls(memv)
def __len__(self):
return len(self._components)
def __getitem__(self, index):
cls = type(self)
if isinstance(index, slice):
return cls(self._components[index])
elif isinstance(index, numbers.Integral):
return self._components[index]
else:
msg = '{cls.__name__} indices must be integers'
return TypeError(msg.format(cls=cls))
def __getattr__(self, item):
# 只有当v.x实例不存在x属性时,才会调用getattr
cls = type(self)
if len(item) == 1:
position = cls.shortcut_names.find(item)
if 0 <= position < len(self._components):
return self._components[position]
msg = '{.__name__!r} object has not attribute {!r}'
raise AttributeError(msg.format(cls, item))
def __setattr__(self, name, value):
cls = type(self)
if len(name) == 1:
# 限制修改'xyzt'单字母属性值
if name in cls.shortcut_names:
error = 'readonly attribute {attr_name!r}'
elif name.islower():
# 限制修改单字母(a-z)的属性值
error = "can't set attributes 'a' to 'z' in {cls_name}!r"
else:
error = ''
if error:
msg = error.format(cls_name=cls, attr_name=name)
raise AttributeError(msg)
# 允许修改名字为其它值的属性
super().__setattr__(name, value)
def __eq__(self, other):
# 下面这种写法存在一个问题,比如Vector([1,2,3]) 和(1,2,3)会被判断成相等,但大部分情况下，我们应该是预期不相等的结果
# return tuple(self) == tuple(other)
# 改写：另外一个对象必须是Vector对象,才可能相等
if isinstance(other,Vector):
return (len(self) == len(other) and all( x == y for x in self for y in other))
else:
return NotImplemented
def __hash__(self):
# 生成一个迭代器
hashes = (hash(x) for x in self._components)
return functools.reduce(operator.xor, hashes, 0)
# 等价于下面的写法
# return functools.reduce(lambda x,y : x *y ,hashes,0)
# - 运算符重载
def __neg__(self):
return Vector(-x for x in self)
# + 运算符重载
def __pos__(self):
return Vector(x for x in self)
def __add__(self,other):
# 返回两个对象的配对元组迭代器
try:
pairs = itertools.zip_longest(self,other,fillvalue=0.0)
return Vector(a + b for a,b in pairs)
except TypeError:
raise NotImplemented
def __radd__(self, other):
# 调用方式other.__add__(self)
# 注意不要漏return
return self + other
def __mul__(self, scalar):
# scalar参数的值要是数字
if isinstance(scalar,numbers.Real):
return Vector(n * scalar for n in self)
else:
return NotImplemented
def __rmul__(self, scalar):
return self * scalar
if __name__ == '__main__':
v = Vector([1,2,3])
print(v == (1,2,3)) # False5、增量赋值运算符重载
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
# @Time : 2024/2/25 12:54
# @Author : Maple
# @File : 05-增量赋值运算符.py
# @Software: PyCharm
import abc
class Tombola(abc.ABC):
@abc.abstractmethod
def load(self,iterable):
"""从可迭代对象中加载元素"""
@abc.abstractmethod
def pick(self):
"""随机删除元素,然后将其返回
如果实例为空,这个方法应该抛出LookupError
"""
def loaded(self):
"""如果至少有一个元素,则返回True,否则返回False"""
return bool(self.inspect())
def inspect(self):
"""返回一个有序元组,由当前元素构成"""
items = []
while True:
try:
items.append(self.pick())
except LookupError:
break
self.load(items)
return tuple(sorted(items))
class AddableBingoCage(Tombola):
def __init__(self,items):
self._items = list(items)
def pick(self):
return self._items.pop()
def __add__(self,other):
# 另外一个对象必须是Tombola类型,才可以使用 + 运算符
if isinstance(other,Tombola):
return AddableBingoCage(self.inspect() + other.inspect())
else:
return NotImplemented
def __iadd__(self, other):
if isinstance(other,Tombola):
other_iterable = other.inspect()
else:
try:
other_iterable = iter(other)
except TypeError:
cls_name = type(self).__name__
msg = "right operand in += must be {!r} or an iterable"
raise TypeError(msg.format(cls_name))
self.load(other_iterable)
# iadd是就地改变对象,所以要返回改变之后的对象本身
return self
def load(self,iterable):
for i in iterable:
self._items.append(i)
def __iter__(self):
return (x for x in self._items)
# def __str__(self):
# return str(tuple(self))
def __repr__(self):
return 'Vector{}'.format(tuple(self))
def inspect(self):
return self._items
if __name__ == '__main__':
# 1.就地修改(iadd)测试
ab = AddableBingoCage([1,2,3])
ab += [4,5]
print(ab) # Vector(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
# ab += 1 #TypeError: right operand in += must be 'AddableBingoCage' or an iterable
# 2.相加(add)测试
#ab_new = ab + [1,2] # TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for +: 'AddableBingoCage' and 'list'
ab2 = AddableBingoCage([10,11])
ab_new = ab + ab2
print(ab_new) # Vector(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 11)
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