python画曲线图例-Python画各种图

目录：

画图小tips

散点图

柱状图

热力图

折线图

堆积柱状图

1、画图小tips

目录：

1.1 保存多张图片+清空

1.2 画图标题/图例显示中文

1.3 图中加注释

1.4双坐标轴

1.5坐标轴显示百分比

1.6横坐标轴时间刻度间隔显示

1.1 保存多张图片+清空

plt.savefig(ticker_name + '.png') # 保存图片

plt.cla() # 清空

如果不加上 plt.cla()，后面的图片会在前一张图片的基础上累计，图就乱了。

1.2 画图标题/图例显示中文

python画图标题默认输出英文，如果输出中文，要对字体进行调整，加上下面代码即可：

plt.rcParams['font.sans-serif'] = ['SimHei']

plt.rcParams['axes.unicode_minus'] = False

当文本中不含有要输出的中文时，在legend函数中定义后再加上上面两行代码：

plt.legend((u'没有对冲国债市值', u'对冲后国债市值'), loc='upper right')

1.3 图中加注释

# 添加注释， 'xy='为注释需要添加到的位置坐标

plt.annotate('Annotation', xy=(max(X)+1, max(Y)+1))

1.4双坐标轴

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# 绘制曲线

fig = plt.figure(figsize=(18, 8)) # 指定画布大小

holding_MV[u'没有对冲国债市值'].plot(color='red', linewidth=3)

holding_MV[u'对冲后国债市值'].plot(color='blue', linewidth=3)

plt.legend()

plt.xlabel('time')

plt.ylabel('market_value')

holding_MV[u'国债期货累积收益'].plot(kind='bar', secondary_y=True, color='green')

plt.ylabel('return')

plt.legend(loc='upper right', bbox_to_anchor=(1, 1.008))

plt.rcParams['font.sans-serif'] = ['SimHei']

plt.rcParams['axes.unicode_minus'] = False

plt.xticks(rotation=30)

plt.show()

但是这种做法，图例那块一直没有解决好，相当于是两个图例叠在一起显示的。

下面是官方做法，但两个都是折线图，没有柱状图，还没研究好怎么改。

from mpl_toolkits.axes_grid1 import host_subplot

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

host = host_subplot(111)

par = host.twinx()

host.set_xlabel("Distance")

host.set_ylabel("Density")

par.set_ylabel("Temperature")

p1, = host.plot([0, 1, 2], [0, 1, 2], label="Density")

p2, = par.plot([0, 1, 2], [0, 3, 2], label="Temperature")

leg = plt.legend()

host.yaxis.get_label().set_color(p1.get_color())

leg.texts[0].set_color(p1.get_color())

par.yaxis.get_label().set_color(p2.get_color())

leg.texts[1].set_color(p2.get_color())

plt.show()

1.5坐标轴显示百分比

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

from matplotlib.ticker import FuncFormatter

X = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]

Y1 = [42.5, 42, 43, 44.7, 42.6, 44, 41.3, 40.3, 40.7, 40.1]

plt.plot(X, Y1, 'o', markersize=6, color='gray') # 2016H2

def to_percent(temp, position):

return '%1.0f'%(temp) + '%'

plt.gca().yaxis.set_major_formatter(FuncFormatter(to_percent))

plt.show()

1.6横坐标轴时间刻度间隔显示

x_list = pd.date_range(date[0], date[-1], freq='Y')

x_list = x_list.map(lambda x:x.strftime("%Y-%m-%d"))

plt.xticks(x_list, rotation=45)

2.散点图

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

X = [8, -2, 5, -10, -4, 2]

Y = [2, 7, -2, 3, 1, 0]

# 移动坐标轴

ax = plt.gca()

ax.spines['top'].set_color('none')

ax.spines['right'].set_color('none')

ax.xaxis.set_ticks_position('bottom')

ax.spines['bottom'].set_position(('data', 0))

ax.yaxis.set_ticks_position('left')

ax.spines['left'].set_position(('data', 0))

# 画散点图

plt.plot(X, Y, 'ro')

# 自定义横纵坐标显示的范围，第一个参数为最小值，第二个参数为最大值

plt.xlim(min(X)-2, max(X)+2)

plt.ylim(min(Y)-2, max(Y)+2)

# 添加注释， 'xy='为注释需要添加到的位置坐标

plt.annotate('Annotation', xy=(max(X)+1, max(Y)+1))

plt.show()

画散点图的同时画出拟合曲线

import pandas as pd

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import statsmodels.api as sm

# 计算yield beta=期货价格变动与组合价格变动回归系数

portfolio_return = portfolio_price.pct_change()[1:]

future_return = future_price.pct_change()[1:]

X = sm.add_constant(portfolio_return) # 添加一项常量

model = sm.OLS(future_return, X) # 回归

fitted = model.fit()

yield_beta = fitted.params[0]

plt.plot(portfolio_return, future_return, 'ro') # 画散点图

plt.plot(portfolio_return, fitted.fittedvalues, 'r', linewidth=1) # 画拟合曲线

plt.xlabel('portfolio_return')

plt.ylabel('future_return')

plt.annotate('Yield beta = {}'.format(yield_beta), xy=(-0.003, 0))

plt.show()

3.柱状图

idx1 = np.arange(len(style_factor)) #首先用第一个的长度作为横坐标

width = 0.2

idx2 = [i+width for i in idx1] #第二个的横坐标

idx3 = [i+width for i in idx2] #第三个的横坐标

idx4 = [i+width for i in idx3] #第四个的横坐标

fig,axs = plt.subplots(nrows=1, ncols=2, sharex=True, sharey=True, figsize=(12,6)) #表示1行有2个子图，X轴和Y轴相互share

ax1 = axs[0]

ax1.barh(idx1, future_return_corr_list1, width, color='#465D4C', label='0-1m')

ax1.barh(idx2, future_return_corr_list2, width, color='#FFBA84', label='1-2m')

ax1.barh(idx3, future_return_corr_list3, width, color='#24936E', label='2-3m')

ax1.barh(idx4, future_return_corr_list4, width, color='#B5495B', label='3-4m')

ax1.set_yticks(idx1+width*2) #将坐标显示在4个柱子中间

ax1.set_yticklabels(style_factor)

ax1.invert_yaxis() #横纵坐标互换

ax1.set_title('Correlation with future factor returns', fontweight='bold') #标题加粗

ax2 = axs[1] #第二个子图

ax2.barh(idx1, future_volatility_corr_list1, width, color='#465D4C', label='0-1m')

ax2.barh(idx2, future_volatility_corr_list2, width, color='#FFBA84', label='1-2m')

ax2.barh(idx3, future_volatility_corr_list3, width, color='#24936E', label='2-3m')

ax2.barh(idx4, future_volatility_corr_list4, width, color='#B5495B', label='3-4m')

ax2.set_yticks(idx1+width*2)

ax2.invert_yaxis()

ax2.set_title('Correlation with future factor volatility', fontweight='bold')

plt.legend(loc=2, bbox_to_anchor=(1.05,1.0), borderaxespad=0., title='Future Horizon') #显示图例，将其放在图外

plt.show()

4.热力图

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import matplotlib.cm as cm

delay_reference_list = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13]

delay_reference_label = ('15', '30', '60', '100', '150', '200', '250', '300', '500', '700', '1000', '1440', '2880', '4320')

OutofExpectation_threshold_label = ('', '0.1', '', '0.05', '', '0', '')

sig_final_all_list = [[6.55, 6.76, 7.32, 5.6, 5.94, 1.36, 1.41, 0.8, 0.98, 1.36, 13.4, 9.06, 12.24, 13.26],

[7.32, 6.55, 6.76, 5.6, 1.36, 0.8, 0.98, 1.36, 13.4, 5.94, 9.06, 12.24, 13.26, 1.41],

[5.94, 7.32, 6.55, 6.76, 5.6, 1.36, 1.41, 0.8, 1.36, 13.4, 9.06, 12.24, 0.98, 13.26]]

cdict = {'red': ((0., 1, 1),

(0.05, 1, 1),

(0.11, 0, 0),

(0.66, 1, 1),

(0.89, 1, 1),

(1, 0.5, 0.5)),

'green': ((0., 1, 1),

(0.05, 1, 1),

(0.11, 0, 0),

(0.375, 1, 1),

(0.64, 1, 1),

(0.91, 0, 0),

(1, 0, 0)),

'blue': ((0., 1, 1),

(0.05, 1, 1),

(0.11, 1, 1),

(0.34, 1, 1),

(0.65, 0, 0),

(1, 0, 0))}

# 设定一个图像，背景为白色

fig_sig = plt.figure(facecolor='w')

ax_sig = fig_sig.add_subplot(2, 1, 1)

# 设置横纵坐标轴标签，rotation为坐标旋转的角度

# ax_sig.set_xticklabels(delay_reference_label, rotation=-15)

plt.xticks(delay_reference_list, delay_reference_label, rotation=-15)

ax_sig.set_yticklabels(OutofExpectation_threshold_label)

cmap_sig = cm.colors.LinearSegmentedColormap('sig_colormap', cdict, 256)

# vmax和vmin是数据矩阵中的最大和最小值,这个范围要与数据的范围相协调

map_sig = ax_sig.imshow(sig_final_all_list, interpolation="nearest", cmap=cmap_sig, aspect='auto', vmin=0, vmax=15)

cb_sig = plt.colorbar(mappable=map_sig)

plt.xlabel('delay reference')

plt.ylabel('OutofExpectation threshold')

plt.title('the heatmap of sig')

plt.show()

横坐标轴标签显示不全

如果设置横纵坐标轴标签时这样写，图就会变成这样。

ax_sig.set_xticklabels(delay_reference_label, rotation=-15)

ax_sig.set_yticklabels(OutofExpectation_threshold_label)

纵坐标轴标签显示不全

如果设置横纵坐标轴标签时这样写，图就会变成这样。

OutofExpectation_threshold_label = ('0.1', '0.05', '0')

目前 我还不知道这样写为什么就会在中间加上一个刻度，即那个 0.05。

模糊热力图

还有一个地方，这里如果去掉  interpolation=”nearest”，就会变成下图。

map_sig = ax_sig.imshow(sig_final_all_list, cmap=cmap_sig, aspect='auto', vmin=0, vmax=15)

进阶版热力图

下面的例子来自参考文献7，我觉得图很好看诶，还是NBA数据，哈哈哈。但是我没怎么看懂。。

ppg2008.csv的数据是这样的：

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import pandas as pd

import numpy as np

nba = pd.read_csv('ppg2008.csv', index_col=0)

# Normalize data columns

nba_norm = (nba - nba.mean()) / (nba.max() - nba.min())

nba_sort = nba_norm.sort('PTS', ascending=True)

# Plot it out

fig, ax = plt.subplots()

heatmap = ax.pcolor(nba_sort, cmap=plt.cm.Blues, alpha=0.8)

fig = plt.gcf()

fig.set_size_inches(8, 11)

ax.set_frame_on(False) # turn off the frame

# put the major ticks at the middle of each cell

ax.set_yticks(np.arange(nba_sort.shape[0]) + 0.5, minor=False)

ax.set_xticks(np.arange(nba_sort.shape[1]) + 0.5, minor=False)

# want a more natural, table-like display

ax.invert_yaxis()

ax.xaxis.tick_top()

# Set the labels

# label source:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_statistics

labels = [

'Games', 'Minutes', 'Points', 'Field goals made', 'Field goal attempts', 'Field goal percentage', 'Free throws made', 'Free throws attempts', 'Free throws percentage',

'Three-pointers made', 'Three-point attempt', 'Three-point percentage', 'Offensive rebounds', 'Defensive rebounds', 'Total rebounds', 'Assists', 'Steals', 'Blocks', 'Turnover', 'Personal foul']

# note I could have used nba_sort.columns but made "labels" instead

ax.set_xticklabels(labels, minor=False)

ax.set_yticklabels(nba_sort.index, minor=False)

plt.xticks(rotation=90)

ax.grid(False)

ax = plt.gca() # Turn off all the ticks

for t in ax.xaxis.get_major_ticks():

t.tick1On = False

t.tick2On = False

for t in ax.yaxis.get_major_ticks():

t.tick1On = False

t.tick2On = False

plt.show()

下面是我自己后来应用的实例：

def plot_blue_heatmap(FeatureImportance_list, reference_label, DateList, name):

fig, ax = plt.subplots()

heatmap = ax.pcolor(FeatureImportance_list, cmap=plt.cm.Blues)

fig = plt.gcf()

fig.set_size_inches(30, 8)

ax.set_frame_on(False)

# put the major ticks at the middle of each cell

ax.set_yticks(np.arange(FeatureImportance_list.shape[0]) + 0.5, minor=False)

ax.set_xticks(np.arange(FeatureImportance_list.shape[1]) + 0.5, minor=False)

# want a more natural, table-like display

ax.invert_yaxis()

ax.xaxis.tick_top()

# Set the labels

ax.set_xticklabels(reference_label, minor=False)

ax.set_yticklabels(DateList, minor=False)

plt.xticks(rotation=90)

ax.grid(False)

ax = plt.gca() # Turn off all the ticks

for t in ax.xaxis.get_major_ticks():

t.tick1On = False

t.tick2On = False

for t in ax.yaxis.get_major_ticks():

t.tick1On = False

t.tick2On = False

plt.tight_layout()

plt.savefig(name+'_heatmap.png')

plt.show()

5、折线图

import pandas as pd

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

df = pd.read_csv('data.csv')

df['close'].plot() # 绘制一条曲线

# df[['close', 'adj close']].plot() # 同时绘制两条曲线

plt.show()

ax = df.plot(title='stock prices', fontsize=2)

ax.set_xlabel('date')

ax.set_ylabel('price')

plt.show()

fig = plt.figure(figsize=(18, 15)) # 指定画布大小

ax1 = fig.add_subplot(111)

# 绘制两条曲线

plt.plot(date, future_price, color='blue')

plt.plot(date, CTD_price, color='red')

plt.xticks(rotation=30)

plt.legend(['futures price', 'TF1906 CTD price'], loc='upper left')

plt.xlabel('time')

plt.ylabel('price')

plt.show()

6.堆积柱状图

import pandas as pd

import numpy as np

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import matplotlib

data = [[1,1,1,2,2,2,3,3,3,4,4,4,5,5,5,6,6,6,7,7,7,8,8,8,9,9,9,10,10,10],

['大盘', '中盘', '小盘','大盘', '中盘', '小盘', '大盘', '中盘', '小盘', '大盘', '中盘', '小盘',

'大盘', '中盘', '小盘', '大盘', '中盘', '小盘', '大盘', '中盘', '小盘', '大盘', '中盘', '小盘',

'大盘', '中盘', '小盘', '大盘', '中盘', '小盘'],

[0.21,0.58,0.21,0.23,0.47,0.30,0.15,0.64,0.21,0.13,0.48,0.39,0.21,0.55,0.24,0.22,0.46,0.32,0.15,0.63,0.22,

0.29,0.55,0.16,0.21,0.49,0.30,0.34,0.34,0.32]]

rows = list(zip(data[0], data[1], data[2]))

headers = ['size', 'style', 'Value']

df = pd.DataFrame(rows, columns=headers)

fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(8, 5))

months = df['style'].drop_duplicates()

margin_bottom = np.zeros(len(df['size'].drop_duplicates()))

colors = ["orange", "#91B493", "#F6C555"]

for num, month in enumerate(months):

values = list(df[df['style'] == month].loc[:, 'Value'])

df[df['style'] == month].plot.bar(x='size',y='Value', ax=ax, stacked=True,

bottom = margin_bottom, color=colors[num], label=month)

margin_bottom += values

plt.title('2016H2')

plt.rcParams['font.sans-serif'] = ['SimHei']

plt.rcParams['axes.unicode_minus'] = False

plt.legend((u'大盘', u'中盘', u'小盘'))

plt.show()

参考文献：