#1- Arrays
Arrays
- A contiguously allocated memory
- Fixed number of objects (The array size cannot be changed)
- Its element type can be any fundamental type (int, float, bool), structure, class, pointers enumeration
# array.cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int num_array1[5]; //uninitialized array, random values
int num_array2[5] = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}; //initialization
for(int idx = 0; idx < 5; idx++)
cout << num_array1[idx] << " ";
cout << endl;
for(int idx = 0; idx < 5; idx++)
cout << num_array2[idx] << " ";
cout << endl;
return 0;
}
Variable-length arrays
- If the length is not an integer constant expression, the array will be a variable-length one.
#variable-array.cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int num_array1[5] = {0,1}; // fixed length array, initialized to {0,1,0,0,0}
cout << "sizeof(num_array1) = " << sizeof(num_array1) << endl;
int len = 0;
while ( len < 10 )
{
int num_array2[len]; //variable-length array
cout << "len = " << len;
cout << ", sizeof(num_array2)) = " << sizeof(num_array2) << endl;
len ++;
}
}
Arrays of unknown size
-
The number is not specified in the declaration
-
The arguments of a function
#unknown-size-array .cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
// float array_sum(float *values, size_t length) // equivalent to the next line
float array_sum(float values[], size_t length)
{
cout << sizeof(values) << endl; // 4 or 8
float sum = 0.0f;
for (int i = 0; i < length; i++)
{
sum += values[i];
}
return sum;
}
int main()
{
float values[4] = {1.1f, 2.2f, 3.3f, 4.4f};
float sum = array_sum(values, 4);
cout << "sum = " << sum << endl;
return 0;
}
Element accessing
int array1[4] = {9, 8, 7, 6};
int array2[4];
array2 = array1; // error!
array2[0] = array1[0]; // okay
array2[1] = array1[1];
array2[2] = array1[2];
array2[3] = array1[3];
- No bounds-checking in C/C++
# index-bound.cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int num_array[5];
for(int idx = -1; idx <= 5; idx++) //out of bounds
num_array[idx] = idx * idx;
for(int idx = -1; idx <= 5; idx++) //out of bounds
cout << "num_array[" << idx << "] = " << num_array[idx] << endl;
return 0;
}
超出边界也没事，直接取越界的地址
- Arrays are not objects in C/C++ (different with Java)
- Arrays can be regarded as address
优点是数据读写很快
Multidimensional arrays
#md-array.cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
// You must tell the function the bound of an array,
// otherwise, elements cannot be accessed
// if the array is a variable-length one, it may be difficult to know the bound
void init_2d_array(float mat[][4], //error, arrays of unknown bound
size_t rows, size_t cols)
{
for (int r = 0; r < rows; r++)
for(int c = 0; c < cols; c++)
mat[r][c] = r * c;
}
int main()
{
int mat1[2][3] = {{11,12,13}, {14,15,16}};
int rows = 5;
int cols = 4;
//float mat2[rows][cols]; //uninitialized array
float mat2[rows][4]; //uninitialized array
//init_2d_array(mat2, rows, cols);
for (int r = 0; r < rows; r++)
for(int c = 0; c < cols; c++)
mat2[r][c] = r * c;
for (int r = 0; r < rows; r++)
{
for(int c = 0; c < cols; c++)
cout << mat2[r][c] << " ";
cout << endl;
}
return 0;
}
const Arrays
- Used as function arguments
#const-array
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
//float array_sum(const float *values, size_t length)
//float array_sum(const float values[4], size_t length)
float array_sum(const float values[], size_t length)
{
float sum = 0.0f;
for (int i = 0; i < length; i++)
{
sum += values[i];
//values[i] = 0; //error
}
return sum;
}
int main()
{
// const float PI = 3.1415926f;
// PI += 1.f; // error
// const float values[4] = {1.1f, 2.2f, 3.3f, 4.4f};
// values[0] = 1.0f; // error
float values[4] = {1.1f, 2.2f, 3.3f, 4.4f};
float sum = array_sum(values, 4);
cout << "sum = " << sum << endl;
return 0;
}
外部是普通数组，进入函数后变成const不能进行修改，可以放心使用
2- Strings
Array-style strings
- An array-style string (null-terminated strings/arrays of characters) is a series of characters stored in bytes in memory
- This kind of strings can be declared as follows
#initchar.cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <cstring>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
char rabbit[16] = {'P', 'e', 't', 'e', 'r'};
cout << "String length is " << strlen(rabbit) << endl;
for(int i = 0; i < 16; i++)
cout << i << ":" << +rabbit[i] << "(" << rabbit[i] << ")" << endl;
char bad_pig[9] = {'P', 'e', 'p', 'p', 'a', ' ', 'P', 'i', 'g'};
char good_pig[10] = {'P', 'e', 'p', 'p', 'a', ' ', 'P', 'i', 'g', '\0'};
cout << "Rabbit is (" << rabbit << ")" << endl;
cout << "Pig's bad name is (" << bad_pig << ")" << endl;
cout << "Pig's good name is (" << good_pig << ")" << endl;
char name[10] = {'Y', 'u', '\0', 'S', '.', '0'};
cout << "(" << name << ")" << endl;
cout << strlen(name) << endl;
return 0;
}
字符串的结束标志：“\0”，碰到就结束
strlen(): 碰到"\0" 才结束计算长度，所以要多存一个字符’\0’, 否则会越界
String literals
- it isn’t convenient to initial a string character by character
- String literals can help
char name1[] = "Southern University of Science and Technology";
char name2[] = "Southern University of " "Science and Technology";
char name3[] = "ABCD"; // how many bytes for the array?
const wchar_t[] s5 = L"ABCD";
const char16_t[] s9 = u"ABCD"; // since C++11
const char32_t[] s6 = U"ABCD"; // since C++11
String manipulation and examination
- Copy
char * strcpy(char* dest, const char * src);
strcpy 对于长度不够的字符串会在后面字符串后面字节拷贝，越界不安全
Safer one:
char *strncpy(char *dest, const char *src, size_t count);
count: dest 和 src的较小值
- Concatenate: appends a copy of src to dest
char *strcat(char *dest, const char *src);
- Compare
int strcmp(const char *lhs, const char *rhs);
# stringop.cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <cstring>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
char str1[] = "Hello, \0CPP";
char str2[] = "SUSTech";
char result[128];
for(int i = 0; i < 16; i++)
cout << i << ":" << +str1[i] << "(" << str1[i] << ")" << endl;
strcpy(result, str1);
cout << "Result = " << result << endl;
strcat(result, str2);
cout << "Result = " << result << endl;
cout << "strcmp() = " << strcmp(str1, str2) << endl;
//strcat(str1, str2); //danger operation!
//cout << "str1 = " << str1 << endl;
}
String class
- Null-terminated strings are easy to be out of bound, and to cause problems.
- string class provides functions to manipulate and examine strings.
#stdstring.cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
std::string str1 = "Hello";
std::string str2 = "SUSTech";
std::string result = str1 + ", " + str2;
cout << "result = " + result << endl;
cout << "The length is " << result.length() << endl;
cout << "str1 < str2 is " << (str1 < str2) << endl;
cout << "str1[100] = (" << str1[100] << ")" << endl;
return 0;
}
- Different types of strings
std::string
std::wstring
std::u8string // C++20
std::u16string // C++11
std::u32string // C++11
string类也是没有越界检查
3- Structures Unions and Enumerations
struct
- A struct is a type consisting of a sequence of membes
- The members are allocated in an orders sequence.
# struct.c
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdbool.h>
// typedef
// struct _Student{
// char name[4];
// int born;
// bool male;
// } Student;
struct Student{
char name[4];
int born;
bool male;
};
int main()
{
struct Student stu = {"Yu", 2000, true}; //initialization
// strcpy(stu.name, "Yu");
// stu.born = 2000;
// stu.male = true;
printf("Student %s, born in %d, gender %s\n",
stu.name,
stu.born,
stu.male ? "male" : "female");
struct Student students[100];
students[50].born = 2002;
return 0;
}
在C编译器中，声明struct变量一定要在前面加struct，否则编译有错
但在C++编译器中，即使不在变量声明前加struct也不会报错
在C编译器中，除非在struct定义时加上typedef，这样的话就可以在声明时不加struct，这是因为你定义了一个新的类型
typedef
struct _Student{
char name[4];
int born;
bool male;
} Student;
Structure padding
- In order to align the data in memory, some empty bytes will be padded
# structpadding.cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
struct Student1{
int id;
bool male;
char label;
float weight;
};
struct Student2{
int id;
bool male;
float weight;
char label;
};
int main()
{
cout << "Size of Student1: " << sizeof(Student1) << endl;
cout << "Size of Student2: " << sizeof(Student2) << endl;
return 0;
}
绝对0地址（变量开始的地址）一般是4的倍数或8的倍数
如果8对齐，可以直接装载到寄存器里
如果跨过8，则一次可能装载不完，需要装载两次
所以宁可牺牲两个，也往上放一放
struct in C and C++
-
struct and class in C++ are identical except for several features
-
No typedef needed in C++
Union
- union declaration is similar to struct declaration
- The storage of members overlaps/shared
- sizeof(union ipv4address) is 4
#union.cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
union ipv4address{
std::uint32_t address32;
std::uint8_t address8[4];
};
int main()
{
union ipv4address ip;
cout << "sizeof(ip) = " << sizeof(ip) << endl;
ip.address8[3] = 127;
ip.address8[2] = 0;
ip.address8[1] = 0;
ip.address8[0] = 1;
cout << "The address is " ;
cout << +ip.address8[3] << ".";
cout << +ip.address8[2] << ".";
cout << +ip.address8[1] << ".";
cout << +ip.address8[0] << endl;
cout << std::hex;
cout << "in hex " << ip.address32 << endl;
return 0;
}
enum
- enum makes a new type
- It provides an alternative to const for creating symbolic constantt
- Its members are integers, but they cannot be operands in arithmetic expressions
enum color {WHITE, BLACK, RED, GREEN, BLUE, YELLOW, NUM_COLORS};
enum color pen_color = RED;
pen_color = color(3); //convert int to enum
cout << "We have " << NUM_COLORS << " pens." << endl;
//pen_color += 1; //error!
int color_index = pen_color;
color_index += 1;
cout << "color_index = " << color_index << endl;
An example with struct, union and enum
#enum.cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
enum color {WHITE, BLACK, RED, GREEN, BLUE, YELLOW, NUM_COLORS};
enum datatype {TYPE_INT8=1, TYPE_INT16=2, TYPE_INT32=4, TYPE_INT64=8};
struct Point{
enum datatype type;
union {
std::int8_t data8[3];
std::int16_t data16[3];
std::int32_t data32[3];
std::int64_t data64[3];
};
};
size_t datawidth(struct Point pt)
{
return size_t(pt.type) * 3;
}
int64_t l1norm(struct Point pt)
{
int64_t result = 0;
switch(pt.type)
{
case (TYPE_INT8):
result = abs(pt.data8[0]) + abs(pt.data8[1]) + abs(pt.data8[2]);
break;
case (TYPE_INT16):
result = abs(pt.data16[0]) + abs(pt.data16[1]) + abs(pt.data16[2]);
break;
case (TYPE_INT32):
result = abs(pt.data32[0]) + abs(pt.data32[1]) + abs(pt.data32[2]);
break;
case (TYPE_INT64):
result = abs(pt.data64[0]) + abs(pt.data64[1]) + abs(pt.data64[2]);
break;
}
return result;
}
int main()
{
enum color pen_color = RED;
pen_color = color(3); //convert int to enum
cout << "We have " << NUM_COLORS << " pens." << endl;
//pen_color += 1; //error!
int color_index = pen_color;
color_index += 1;
cout << "color_index = " << color_index << endl;
//declaration and initialization
struct Point point1 = {.type=TYPE_INT8, .data8={-2,3,4}};
struct Point point2 = {.type=TYPE_INT32, .data32={1,-2,3}};
cout << "Data width = " << datawidth(point1) << endl;
cout << "Data width = " << datawidth(point2) << endl;
cout << "L1 norm = " << l1norm(point1) << endl;
cout << "L1 norm = " << l1norm(point2) << endl;
return 0;
}
4-typedef
typedef
- typedef can create an alias for a type
- It can be used to replace a possibly complex type name.
#typedef.cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
typedef int myint;
typedef unsigned char vec3b[3];
typedef struct _rgb_struct{ // name _rgb_struct can be omit
unsigned char r;
unsigned char g;
unsigned char b;
} rgb_struct;
int main()
{
myint num = 32;
// the following two lines are identical
//unsigned char color[3] = {255, 0, 255};
vec3b color = {255, 0, 255};
cout << hex;
cout << "R=" << +color[0] << ", ";
cout << "G=" << +color[1] << ", ";
cout << "B=" << +color[2] << endl;
rgb_struct rgb = {0, 255, 128};
cout << "R=" << +rgb.r << ", ";
cout << "G=" << +rgb.g << ", ";
cout << "B=" << +rgb.b << endl;
cout << sizeof(rgb.r) << endl;
cout << sizeof(+rgb.r) << endl; //why 4?
return 0;
}
Typical typedef usages
#_uint8_t.h
#ifndef _UINT8_T
#define _UINT8_T
typedef unsigned char uint8_t;
#endif /* _UINT8_T. */
# if defined (_LP64)
typedef int wchar_t;
#else
typedef long wchar_t;
#endif
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