java学习day3之数字与字符串

1：封装类
所有的基本类型，如int，都有自己对应的类类型，int对应的类类型是Integer。对应的这种类类型，就叫做封装类。如下图所示

2：基本类型转封装类

public class zhulei {
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		// TODO Auto-generated method stub
		int i = 1;
		Integer it = new Integer(i);//基本类型装换成封装类型
	}
}

3：封装类型转换为基本类型

public class zhulei {
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		// TODO Auto-generated method stub
		int i = 1;
		Integer it = new Integer(i);
		int i2 = it.intValue();//封装类型转换为基本类型
	}
}

4：自动装箱
不通过构造方法，直接通过=号来使基本类型转化为封装类类型

public class zhulei {
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		int i = 1;
		Integer it = new Integer(i);//通过构造方法使基本类型转化为类类型
		Integer i3 = i;//通过=号来使基本类型转化为类类型
	}
}

5：自动拆箱
不通过.intValue()，通过=号将封装类类型转化为基本类型

public class zhulei {
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		// TODO Auto-generated method stub
		int i = 1;
		Integer i3 = i;
		int i2 = i3.intValue();//通过.intValue()将封装类类型转化为基本类型
		int i4 = i3;//通过=号将封装类类型转化为基本类型
	}
}

6：通过Integer来获取int的最大值

public class zhulei {
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		System.out.println(Integer.MAX_VALUE);
	}
}

7：什么时候能自动拆箱装箱
只有对应类型才能进行自动装箱和拆箱

public class zhulei {
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		byte l = 1;	
//		byte o = 1;
//		Integer o1 = o;//不同类型不能进行自动装箱	
		Integer a = new Integer(l);//不同类型可以进行手动装箱
		byte a1 = a.byteValue();//不同类型可以进行手动拆箱
	}
}

8：装箱有啥作用之将数字转化为字符串

public class zhulei {
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		int i = 1111;
		String i1 = String.valueOf(i);//方法一：用String类中的静态方法valueOf()
		Integer i2 = i;//方法二：将int型变量装箱为Integer类类型对象，再调用其中的toString()方法
		String i3 = i2.toString();
	}
}

9:装箱有啥用之将字符串转化为数字

public class zhulei {
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		String str1 = "11";
		int i = Integer.parseInt(str1);//使用Integer类的静态方法.parseInt()
		System.out.println(i);
	}
}

10：math数学公式
Math.random()是取[0,1)之间的数
double精度大于float
定义float时要在数后面加上f
eg：float a = 3.13f;

public class zhulei {
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		float a1 = 3.14f;//
		float a2 = 3.74f;
		System.out.println(Math.round(a2));//取整
		System.out.println(Math.random());//[0,1)随机数
		System.out.println((int)(Math.random()*10));
		System.out.println(Math.sqrt(7));//开方
		System.out.println(Math.pow(3,2));//3的2次方
		System.out.println(Math.PI);
		System.out.println(Math.E);		
	}
}

public class zhulei {
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		double e ;
		int n = Integer.MAX_VALUE;//n能取到得最大值
		e = Math.pow((1+1d/n), n);//以前写1/n总是得0，是因为1/n默认int类型，现在1d/n是doble类型
		System.out.println(e);		
	}
}

11：格式化输出

public class zhulei {
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		String name = "盖伦";
		int kill = 4;
		String sentence = "英雄"+name+"击杀了"+kill+"个敌人";//不用格式化输出就要使用字符串连接
		System.out.println(sentence);
		String formatsentence = "英雄%s击杀了%d个敌人";
		System.out.printf(formatsentence,name,kill);
		System.out.format(formatsentence,name,kill);//format和printf功能相同效果一样
		//使用格式化输出要用printf
		//println和print不能用于格式化输出，会报错
		//println换行，print不换行
	}
}

12：常用的格式化方式

public class zhulei {
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		int year = 100;
		System.out.printf("%d%n",year);//数字
		System.out.printf("%8d%n",year);//八位占空，右对齐
		System.out.printf("%-8d%n",year);//左对齐
		System.out.printf("%08d%n",year);//0补位
		System.out.printf("%,d%n",year*10000000);//,千位分位
		System.out.printf("%.4f",Math.PI);//小数点后四位有效数字
	}
}

练习

public class zhulei {
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);
		System.out.println("请输入地名");
		String palcename = scanner.nextLine();//nextline接收到回车算停止
		//和next的区别是next须接受有效字符，即在没输入有效字符前输入的空格是不算数的
		System.out.println("请输入公司名");
		String companyname = scanner.nextLine();
		System.out.println("老板名");
		String bossname = scanner.nextLine();
		System.out.println("请输入欠款金额");
		float money = scanner.nextFloat();//nextfloat只接受数字，最后的回车是不接受的
		//导致使nextfloat结束的回车直接被"带着谁跑了"给接收了，然后"带着谁跑了"结束了。
		scanner.nextLine();
		System.out.println("带着谁跑了");
		String runname = scanner.nextLine();
		String format = "%s最大皮革厂%s倒闭了，王八蛋老板%s吃喝嫖赌，欠下了%.1f个亿,带着%s跑了";
		System.out.printf(format,palcename,companyname,bossname,money,runname);
		
	}
}

13：char的用法

public class zhulei {
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		char c1 = '1';
		char c2 = 'a';
		char c3 = '中';
//		char c4 = 'ab';//报错，只能放一个字符
	}
}

14：char的拆箱和装箱

public class zhulei {
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		char c1 = '1';
		Character a = c1;//自动装箱
		c1 = a;//自动拆箱
	}
}

15：character类中的常用方法

public class zhulei {
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		char c1 = 'a';
		Character a = c1;//自动装箱
		System.out.println(Character.toUpperCase('a'));//转换为大写
		System.out.println(Character.isDigit('1'));//是数字吗
		System.out.println(Character.isLetter('a'));//是字母吗
		System.out.println(Character.isWhitespace(' '));//是空格吗
		System.out.println(Character.toString('a'));//将字符转化为字符串
	}
}

16：常见转义

public class zhulei {
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		System.out.println("abc ed");
		System.out.println("a ed");
		System.out.println("abcdd ed");
//		abc ed
//		a ed
//		abcdd ed
		System.out.println("abc\ted");
		System.out.println("a\ted");
		System.out.println("abcdd\ted");
//		abc	ed
//		a	ed
//		abcdd	ed
		System.out.println("看我打出一个制表符来\\t");
		System.out.println("一个\\t的长度是8");
		System.out.println("看我打印出一个单引号来\'");//单引号用不用反斜杠都能打出来
		System.out.println("打一个反斜杠出来\\");
		System.out.println("看我打印出一个双引号来\"");//双引号必须打反斜杠
	}
}

16：字符串
String是一个类，所有的字符串都是String类类型的对象
String类被final修饰，不能被继承

public class zhulei {
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		String str = "abc123F";
		String a = new String("ad");//通过new生成字符串对象
		System.out.println(a);
		char[] b = new char[] {'我','是','你'};
		String b1 = new String(b);
		System.out.println(b1);
	}
}

17：格式化输出
这个新在他用了String.format()

public class zhulei {
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		String name ="盖伦";
        int kill = 8;
        String title="超神";
        String format = "%s杀了%d个人，已经%s超神了";
        String formatsentence = String.format(format, name,kill,title);
        System.out.printf(formatsentence);
	}
}

18：ascii码的英文字母对照表

public class zhulei {
	public static void main(String[] args) {
	char a = 'a';
	char A = 'A';
	char Z = 'Z';
	char z = 'z';
	int a1 = (int) a;
	int z1 = (int) z;
	int A1 = (int) A;
	int Z1 = (int) Z;
	System.out.println(a1);//97
	System.out.println(z1);//122
	System.out.println(A1);//65
	System.out.println(Z1);//90
	}
}

19：练习生成5位随机字符包括大小写和数字

public class zhulei {
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		char[] cs = new char[5];
		int min = '0';//字符赋给int型就转化为ascii码了
		int max = 'z'+1;
		for(int i = 0;i<cs.length;i++)
		{
			while(true) //因为0-122ascii码除了数字和字符还有别的
			{
				char a = (char)((Math.random())*(max-min)+min);//random()生成[0,1)
				if(Character.isLetter(a)||Character.isDigit(a))
					{
						cs[i] = a;
						break;
					}
			}
		}	
		System.out.println(cs);
	}
}

20：操纵字符串
charAt() 返回指定位置的字符

public class zhulei {
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		String a = "大家好，维欧氏阿城市1234";
		System.out.println(a.charAt(3));
	}
}

toCharArray()将字符串转化为字符数组

public class zhulei {
	public static void main(String[] args) {
        String sentence = "我是你爹";
        char[] a = sentence.toCharArray();
        System.out.println(a.length==sentence.length());
        
	}
}

substring()字符串截取

public class zhulei {
	public static void main(String[] args) {
        String sentence = "我是你爹123541545,你是我爹";
        System.out.println(sentence.substring(3));//从3到最后
        System.out.println(sentence.substring(3, 7));//左闭右开     
	}
}

split()依据指定符号分割

public class zhulei {
	public static void main(String[] args) {
        String sentence = "我是你爹，123541545,你是我爹";
        String[] subsentence = sentence.split(",");
        for(String sub:subsentence)
        {
        	System.out.println(sub);
        }
	}
}

trim()去掉前后的空格

public class zhulei {
	public static void main(String[] args) {
        String sentence = "     我是你爹，123541545,你是我爹        ";
        System.out.println(sentence);
        System.out.println(sentence.trim());
	}
}

toUpper() toLower()全变成大写或者小写

public class zhulei {
	public static void main(String[] args) {
        String sentence = "fajhfrjagrNHILDulhfd";
        System.out.println(sentence.toUpperCase());
        System.out.println(sentence.toLowerCase());
	}
}

定位

public class zhulei {
	public static void main(String[] args) {
        String sentence = "fajahfrjagrNHILDulhfd";
        System.out.println(sentence.indexOf('a'));//第一次出现字符a的位置
        System.out.println(sentence.indexOf("ja"));//第一次出现字符串ja的位置
        System.out.println(sentence.lastIndexOf('a'));//最后一次出现字符a的位置
        System.out.println(sentence.indexOf('a',2));//从第二个位置开始，第一次出现字符a的位置
        System.out.println(sentence.contains("frj"));//字符串中是否包含frj字符串
	}
}

字符串替换

public class zhulei {
	public static void main(String[] args) {
        String sentence = "超神超神红红火火恍恍惚惚";
        String temp = sentence.replaceAll("超神", "超鬼");//全部超神替换为超鬼
        String temp1 = sentence.replaceFirst("超神", "死鬼");//第一个超神替换为死鬼
        System.out.println(sentence);
        System.out.println(temp);
        System.out.println(temp1);
	}
}

练习
//给出一句英文句子： “let there be light”
//得到一个新的字符串，每个单词的首字母都转换为大写

public class zhulei {
	public static void main(String[] args) {
        String sentence = "let there be light";
        String[] subsentence = sentence.split(" ");//每个数组是一个字符串
        int i = 0;
        for(String sub:subsentence)
        { 
        	subsentence[i++] = Character.toUpperCase(sub.charAt(0))+sub.substring(1);       	
        }
        System.out.println(subsentence);
	}
}

练习
英文绕口令
peter piper picked a peck of pickled peppers
统计这段绕口令有多少个以p开头的单词

public class zhulei {
	public static void main(String[] args) {
        String a = "peter piper picked a peck of pickled peppers";
        String[] suba = a.split(" ");
        int i =0;
        for(String sub :suba)//sub是字符串形式的
        {
        	if(sub.charAt(0)=='p')
        	{
        		i++;
        	}
        }
        System.out.println(i);//6
	}
}

练习
把 lengendary 改成间隔大写小写模式，即 LeNgEnDaRy

public class zhulei {
	public static void main(String[] args) {
        String a = "lengendary";
        char[] b = a.toCharArray();
        for(int i=0;i<b.length;i++)
        {
        	if((i%2==0)&&(Character.isLowerCase(b[i])))
        	{
        		b[i]=Character.toUpperCase(b[i]);
        	}

        }
        System.out.println(b);
        
	}
}

练习
把 lengendary 最后一个字母变大写
字符串转化为字符数组
字符数组转化为字符串

public class zhulei {
	public static void main(String[] args) {
        String a = "lengendary";//字符串
        char[] b = a.toCharArray();//字符串转换为字符数组
        b[b.length-1] = Character.toUpperCase(b[b.length-1]);
        String c = String.valueOf(b);//字符数组转化为字符串数组
        System.out.println(c);
	}
}

练习
把最后的two的t大写

public class zhulei {
	public static void main(String[] args) {
        String a = "Nature has given us that two ears, two eyes, and but one tongue, to the end that we should hear and see more than we speak";//字符串
        char[] b = a.toCharArray();//将字符串转化为字符数组
        b[a.lastIndexOf("two")] = Character.toUpperCase(b[a.lastIndexOf("two")]);
        System.out.println(b);
	}
}

是否是同一个字符串

==用来判断两个字符串对象是否是同一个
虽然str1和str2的内容一样，但是不是同一个对象
因为str1的内容是light了，所以在创建str3时发现已经存在str1的内容和其一样，就直接拿来用了，不创建新对象了

public class zhulei {
	public static void main(String[] args) {
        String str1 = "light";
        String str3 = "light";
        String str2 = new String(str1);
        System.out.println(str1==str2);//false
        System.out.println(str1==str3);//true
	}
}

判断字符串的内容是否相等

//使用equals进行字符串内容的比较，必须大小写一致
//equalsIgnoreCase，忽略大小写判断内容是否一致
public class zhulei {
	public static void main(String[] args) {
        String str1 = "light";
        String str2 = "light";
        String str3 = "Light";
        System.out.println(str1.equals(str2));
        System.out.println(str1.equals(str3));
        System.out.println(str1.equalsIgnoreCase(str3));//忽略大小写
	}
}

字符串以什么开始，什么结束

//startsWith //以...开始
//endsWith //以...结束
public class zhulei {
	public static void main(String[] args) {
        String str1 = "light";
        System.out.println(str1.startsWith("li"));
        System.out.println(str1.endsWith("t"));
	}
}

20：StringBuffer()
StringBuffer是可变长度的字符串
append添加 delete删除 insert插入 reverse反转

public class zhulei {
	public static void main(String[] args) {
      String str = "i am";
      StringBuffer a = new StringBuffer(str);
      a.append(" a student");
      System.out.println(a);
      a.delete(0, 2);
      System.out.println(a);
      a.insert(0, "i ");
      System.out.println(a);
      a.reverse();
      System.out.println(a);
	}	
}

StringBuffer的长度和容量的区别

public class zhulei {
	public static void main(String[] args) {
      String str = "i am";
      StringBuffer a = new StringBuffer(str);
      System.out.println(a.length());//长度是3
      System.out.println(a.capacity());//容量是20
      //所以说StringBuffer是可变长度的字符串
	}	
}

使用StringBuffer和String链接的时间比对

结果StringBuffer比String性能强很多

public class zhulei {
	public static void main(String[] args) {
      String str1 = random.getString(10);
      StringBuffer str2 = new StringBuffer(str1);
      String str = "";
      double timestart1 = System.currentTimeMillis();
      for(int i = 0;i<10000;i++)
      {
    	  str += str1;
      }
      double timeend1 = System.currentTimeMillis();
      System.out.println(timeend1-timestart1);
      double timestart2 = System.currentTimeMillis();
      for(int i = 0;i<100000;i++)
      {
    	  str2.append(str1);
      }
      double timeend2 = System.currentTimeMillis();
      System.out.println(timeend2-timestart2);
	}	
}

public class random {
	public static String getString(int length)
	{
		int min = '0';
		int max = 'z';
		char[] c = new char[length];
		for(int i =0;i<length;i++)
		{
			while(true)
			{
				char test =(char)(Math.random()*(max-min)+min);
				if(Character.isAlphabetic(test)||Character.isDigit(test))
				{
					c[i] =test;
					break;
				}
			}
		}
		String a = String.valueOf(c);//字符数组转化为字符串
		return a;	
	}
}

自定义的MyStringBuffer

public  class MyStringBuffer implements IStringBuffer {
	private String str ="";
	public MyStringBuffer(String str) {
		this.str = str;
	}
	public String toString() {
		return str;//外部可以通过该公有方法访问到私有变量str
	}
	@Override
	public void append(String str) {
		// TODO Auto-generated method stub
		this.str = this.str+str;
	}

	@Override
	public void append(char c) {
		// TODO Auto-generated method stub
		//将字符转化为字符串的两种方法
//		this.str = this.str +String.valueOf(c);
		this.str = this.str +Character.toString(c);
	}

	@Override
	public void insert(int pos, char b) {
		// TODO Auto-generated method stub
		this.str = this.str.substring(0, pos)+Character.toString(b)+this.str.substring(pos);
		
	}

	@Override
	public void insert(int pos, String b) {
		// TODO Auto-generated method stub
		this.str = this.str.substring(0, pos)+b+this.str.substring(pos);
	}

	@Override
	public void delete(int start) {
		// TODO Auto-generated method stub
		this.str = this.str.substring(0, start);
	}

	@Override
	public void delete(int start, int end) {
		// TODO Auto-generated method stub
		this.str = this.str.substring(0, start)+this.str.substring(end);
	}

	@Override
	public void reverse() {
		// TODO Auto-generated method stub
		char[] temp = this.str.toCharArray();
		for(int i = 0;i<temp.length/2;i++)
		{
			char temp1;
			temp1 = temp[i];
			temp[i] = temp[temp.length-i-1];
			temp[temp.length-i-1] = temp1;
		}
		this.str = String.valueOf(temp);
	}

	@Override
	public int length() {
		// TODO Auto-generated method stub
		char[] temp = this.str.toCharArray();
		return temp.length;
	}

}

将字符串转换为字节数组
用方法getBytes()
一般的我们获得字符数组不这么写

byte[] data = {'a','d','e'};

而是这么写

byte[] data = "你好UDP".getBytes();