Python的高级语法与用法

最新推荐文章于 2023-12-13 00:44:33 发布

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最新推荐文章于 2023-12-13 00:44:33 发布

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本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_38477351/article/details/100902819

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Python的高级语法与用法

一、枚举其实是一个类

from enum import Enum


class VIP(Enum):
    YELLOW = 1
    GREEN = 2
    BLACK = 3
    RED = 4


print(VIP.BLACK)
运行结果：
VIP.BLACK

二、枚举和普通类相比有什么优势

1、普通类值可变，枚举值不可变；

2、普通类变量名可相同，且值为最近的一个变量值，枚举变量名不可重复。

from enum import Enum


class Common():
    YELLOW = 1
    YELLOW = 2


print(Common.YELLOW)
运行结果：
2


class VIP(Enum):
    YELLOW = 1
    YELLOW = 5
    GREEN = 2
    BLACK = 3
    RED = 4

    
print(VIP.YELLOW.value)
运行结果：
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/home/caoxuejin/Project/sample/chapter11/c1.py", line 17, in <module>
    class VIP(Enum):
  File "/home/caoxuejin/Project/sample/chapter11/c1.py", line 19, in VIP
    YELLOW = 5
  File "/home/caoxuejin/myEnvs/python37/lib/python3.7/enum.py", line 100, in __setitem__
    raise TypeError('Attempted to reuse key: %r' % key)
TypeError: Attempted to reuse key: 'YELLOW'

三、枚举类型、枚举名称和枚举值

1、枚举名称：

from enum import Enum


class VIP(Enum):
    YELLOW = 1
    GREEN = 2
    BLACK = 3
    RED = 4


# 枚举名称
print(VIP.YELLOW.name)
运行结果：
YELLOW

2、枚举值：

from enum import Enum


class VIP(Enum):
    YELLOW = 1
    GREEN = 2
    BLACK = 3
    RED = 4


# 枚举值
print(VIP.YELLOW.value)
运行结果：
1

3、枚举类型：

from enum import Enum


class VIP(Enum):
    YELLOW = 1
    GREEN = 2
    BLACK = 3
    RED = 4


# 枚举类型
print(VIP.YELLOW)
运行结果：
VIP.YELLOW

print(VIP["YELLOW"])
运行结果：
VIP.YELLOW

print(type(VIP.YELLOW))
运行结果：
<enum 'VIP'>

4、枚举遍历：

from enum import Enum


class VIP(Enum):
    YELLOW = 1
    GREEN = 2
    BLACK = 3
    RED = 4


# 枚举遍历
for v in VIP:
    print(v)

运行结果：
VIP.YELLOW
VIP.GREEN
VIP.BLACK
VIP.RED

四、枚举的比较运算

1、==：

from enum import Enum


class VIP(Enum):
    YELLOW = 1
    GREEN = 2
    BLACK = 3
    RED = 4


class VIPS(Enum):
    YELLOW = 1
    GREEN = 2
    BLACK = 3
    RED = 4


result = (VIP.YELLOW==VIP.YELLOW)
print(result)
运行结果：
True

result = (VIP.YELLOW==1)
print(result)
运行结果：
False

result = (VIP.YELLOW==VIPS.YELLOW)
print(result)
运行结果：
False

2、is：

from enum import Enum


class VIP(Enum):
    YELLOW = 1
    GREEN = 2
    BLACK = 3
    RED = 4


class VIPS(Enum):
    YELLOW = 1
    GREEN = 2
    BLACK = 3
    RED = 4


result = (VIP.YELLOW is VIP.YELLOW)
print(result)
运行结果：
True

result = (VIP.YELLOW is 1)
print(result)
运行结果：
False

result = (VIP.YELLOW is VIPS.YELLOW)
print(result)
运行结果：
False

五、枚举注意事项

1、别名：当两个枚举的枚举值相同时，后一个枚举为前一个枚举的别名。

from enum import Enum


class VIP(Enum):
    YELLOW = 1
    YELLOW_ALIAS = 1  # 别名
    GREEN = 2
    BLACK = 3
    RED = 4


print(VIP.YELLOW)
运行结果：
VIP.YELLOW

print(VIP.YELLOW_ALIAS)
运行结果：
VIP.YELLOW

for v in VIP:
    print(v)
运行结果：
VIP.YELLOW
VIP.GREEN
VIP.BLACK
VIP.RED

2、如若需要在遍历的时候把别名遍历出来，有如下两种方式：

(1) 方式一：获取标签名及枚举类型

from enum import Enum


class VIP(Enum):
    YELLOW = 1
    YELLOW_ALIAS = 1
    GREEN = 2
    BLACK = 3
    RED = 4


for v in VIP.__members__.items():
    print(v)

运行结果：
('YELLOW', <VIP.YELLOW: 1>)
('YELLOW_ALIAS', <VIP.YELLOW: 1>)
('GREEN', <VIP.GREEN: 2>)
('BLACK', <VIP.BLACK: 3>)
('RED', <VIP.RED: 4>)

(2) 方式二：获取标签名

from enum import Enum


class VIP(Enum):
    YELLOW = 1
    YELLOW_ALIAS = 1
    GREEN = 2
    BLACK = 3
    RED = 4


for v in VIP.__members__:
    print(v)
运行结果：
YELLOW
YELLOW_ALIAS
GREEN
BLACK
RED

六、枚举转换

from enum import Enum


class VIP(Enum):
    YELLOW = 1
    YELLOW_ALIAS = 1
    GREEN = 2
    BLACK = 3
    RED = 4

a = 1
print(VIP(a))

运行结果：
VIP.YELLOW

七、枚举小结

1、当引入父类的枚举类型为IntEnum时，枚举值必须为int类型

from enum import Enum, IntEnum

class VIP(IntEnum):
    YELLOW = 1
    GREEN = 2
    BLACK = 3
    RED = "four"

print(VIP.RED)
运行结果：
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/home/caoxuejin/Project/sample/chapter11/c5.py", line 9, in <module>
    class VIP(IntEnum):
  File "/home/caoxuejin/myEnvs/python37/lib/python3.7/enum.py", line 217, in __new__
    enum_member = __new__(enum_class, *args)
ValueError: invalid literal for int() with base 10: 'four'


class VIP(IntEnum):
    YELLOW = 1
    GREEN = 2
    BLACK = 3
    RED = 4

print(VIP.RED)
运行结果：
VIP.RED

2、如若加了@unique装饰器的话，枚举值是不允许相同的

from enum import Enum, IntEnum, unique

@unique
class VIP(IntEnum):
    YELLOW = 1
    GREEN = 1
    BLACK = 3
    RED = 4

print(VIP.RED)
运行结果：
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/home/caoxuejin/Project/sample/chapter11/c5.py", line 10, in <module>
    class VIP(IntEnum):
  File "/home/caoxuejin/myEnvs/python37/lib/python3.7/enum.py", line 848, in unique
    (enumeration, alias_details))
ValueError: duplicate values found in <enum 'VIP'>: GREEN -> YELLOW

九、什么是闭包

1、闭包：在函数嵌套的程序结构中，如果内层函数包含对外层函数局部变量的引用，同时外层函数的返回结果又是对内层函数的引用，这就构成了一个闭包。

2、示例：

(1) 示例一：闭包

def cure_pre():
    a = 25

    def cure(x):
        return a*x*x
    return cure


a = 10
f = cure_pre()
print(f.__closure__)
print(f.__closure__[0].cell_contents)
print(f(2))

运行结果：
(<cell at 0x7f6ad5cc4b58: int object at 0x557de53bba60>,)
25
100

(2) 示例二：非闭包

a = 25
def cure_pre():

    def cure(x):
        return a*x*x
    return cure


a = 10
f = cure_pre()
print(f(2))

运行结果：
40

十一、一个示例看看闭包

def f1():
    a = 10
    def f2():
        a = 20
        print(a)
    print(a)
    f2()
    print(a)

f1()

运行结果：
10
20
10

十二、闭包的经典误区

1、正确：

def f1():
    a = 10

    def f2():
        # a被python认为是一个局部变量
        # a = 25
        c = 20 * a
        return c
    return f2


f = f1()
print(f)
print(f.__closure__)
print(f.__closure__[0].cell_contents)

运行结果：
<function f1.<locals>.f2 at 0x7fe9ca018d90>
(<cell at 0x7fe9ca026b58: int object at 0x55d704956880>,)
10

2、错误：

def f1():
    a = 10

    def f2():
        # a被python认为是一个局部变量
        a = 25
        c = 20 * a
        return c
    return f2


f = f1()
print(f)
print(f.__closure__)
print(f.__closure__[0].cell_contents)

运行结果：
<function f1.<locals>.f2 at 0x7f6f56b85d90>
None
  File "/home/caoxuejin/Project/sample/chapter11/c9.py", line 21, in <module>
    print(f.__closure__[0].cell_contents)

十三、闭包示例

1、非闭包方式：

origin = 0


def go(step):
    global origin
    new_pos = origin + step
    origin = new_pos
    return origin


print(go(2))
print(go(3))
print(go(6))

运行结果：
2
5
11

2、闭包方式：

origin = 0


def factory(pos):
    def go(step):
        nonlocal pos
        new_pos = pos + step
        pos = new_pos
        return pos

    return go


tourist = factory(origin)
print(tourist(2))
print(tourist.__closure__[0].cell_contents)
print(tourist(3))
print(tourist.__closure__[0].cell_contents)
print(tourist(6))
print(tourist.__closure__[0].cell_contents)

运行结果：
2
2
5
5
11
11

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Python的高级语法与用法

Python的高级语法与用法一、枚举其实是一个类 from enum import Enumclass VIP(Enum): YELLOW = 1 GREEN = 2 BLACK = 3 RED = 4print(VIP.BLACK)运行结果：VIP.BLACK...
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