python-httpx 发送http2.0时代请求

在日常开发中，经常会发送各种各样的网络请求。Python中常用的网络请求库有requests、aiohttp、httpx等，httpx是基于Python3的新一代的网络请求库，它的功能很丰富，做个简答的介绍。
httpx是Python新一代的网络请求库，它包含以下特点

特点

• 基于Python3的功能齐全的http请求模块
• 既能发送同步请求，也能发送异步请求
• 支持HTTP/1.1和HTTP/2
• 能够直接向WSGI应用程序或者ASGI应用程序发送请求

安装

httpx需要Python3.6+（使用异步请求需要Python3.8+）

pip3 install httpx

如果需要使用HTTP/2，则需要安装http2的相关依赖

pip3 install httpx[http2]

简单使用

httpx与requests库的基本使用方法几乎是一模一样的

import httpx

r = httpx.get('https://httpbin.org/get')
print(r) 

类似的，我们也可以使用POST, PUT, DELETE, HEAD和OPTIONS等请求方法，如下

r = httpx.post('https://httpbin.org/post', data={'key': 'value'})
r = httpx.put('https://httpbin.org/put', data={'key': 'value'})
r = httpx.delete('https://httpbin.org/delete')
r = httpx.head('https://httpbin.org/get')
r = httpx.options('https://httpbin.org/get')

带有请求头和请求参数的请求

import httpx

headers = {'user-agent': 'my-app/1.0.0'}
params = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'}
url = 'https://httpbin.org/get'
r = httpx.get(url, headers=headers, params=params)
print(r)
print(r.status_code)  # 状态码
print(r.encoding)  # 文本编码
print(r.text)
print(r.json())

结果如下

<Response [200 OK]>
200
ascii
{
  "args": {
    "key1": "value1", 
    "key2": "value2"
  }, 
  "headers": {
    "Accept": "*/*", 
    "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate", 
    "Host": "httpbin.org", 
    "User-Agent": "my-app/1.0.0", 
    "X-Amzn-Trace-Id": "Root=1-6139b788-2fd67d5627a5f6de346e154a"
  }, 
  "origin": "113.110.227.200", 
  "url": "https://httpbin.org/get?key1=value1&key2=value2"
}

{'args': {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'}, 'headers': {'Accept': '*/*', 'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate', 'Host': 'httpbin.org', 'User-Agent': 'my-app/1.0.0', 'X-Amzn-Trace-Id': 'Root=1-6139b788-2fd67d5627a5f6de346e154a'}, 'origin': '113.110.227.200', 'url': 'https://httpbin.org/get?key1=value1&key2=value2'}

请求带有cookies

import httpx

url = 'http://httpbin.org/cookies'
cookies = {'color': 'green'}
r = httpx.get(url, cookies=cookies)
print(r.json())  # {'cookies': {'color': 'green'}}

设置超时时间

import httpx

r = httpx.get('http://httpbin.org', timeout=0.001)
print(r)