Linux进程间通信之FIFO（命名管道）

创建FIFO

FIFO为半双工通信，具有读写端，只能单向传输。一旦创建，读写端就无法更改。
管道创建：int mkfifo（const char *pathname, mode_t mode）；

参数: 
pathname 全局路径，对所有进程可见（这也是非血缘关系进程间通信的基础）；
mode 文件权限；

返回值：
0 成功；-1 失败

创建管道的实质就是在内核开辟一个buffer，并且在读端和写端都同时打开的情况下，两端才能通过buffer进行数据交互。由写端往buffer写入数据，读端从buffer读出数据并处理。

工作模式

阻塞模式：管道为空，读端读数据默认阻塞；管道数据满，写端写数据默认阻塞；
非阻塞模式：管道为空，读端读数据返回失败；管道数据满，写端写数据返回失败；
Linux man手册给的建议是最好以阻塞的方式打开读端，以非阻塞的方式打开写端：

查看man手册，man 7 pipe，里面有这么一段话：
Pipe capacity
   A  pipe has a limited capacity.  If the pipe is full, then a write(2) will block or fail, depending on whether the O_NONBLOCK flag is set (see below).  Different implementations have different limits for the pipe capacity.  
   Applications should not rely on a particular capacity: an application should be designed so that a reading process consumes data as soon as it is available,  so  that  a writing process does not remain blocked.

Talk is cheap, show you the code

fifo_read.c

#include <stdio.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

#define TEST_PATH "./1.txt"

int main()
{
	int rc = -1;
    if(access(TEST_PATH, F_OK))
    {
        rc = mkfifo(TEST_PATH, 0666);
        if(rc < 0)
        {
            printf("create fifo[%s] error!", TEST_PATH);
            return 1;
        }
    }
    
    int fd = open(TEST_PATH, O_RDONLY);//只读方式打开写端
    if(fd < 0)
    {   
        printf("open fifo:%s error!\n",TEST_PATH);
        return 1;
    }
    
    char rcv_buf[256] = {0};
    while(1)
    {
        memset(rcv_buf, 0x00, sizeof(rcv_buf));

        rc = read(fd, rcv_buf, sizeof(rcv_buf));
        if(rc > 0)
        {
            printf("Read: %s\n", rcv_buf);
            
			if(strncmp("quit",rcv_buf, 4) == 0)
        	{
            	break;
        	}
        }
    }

    close(fd);
    return 0;
}

fifo_write.c

#include <stdio.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

#define TEST_PATH "./1.txt"
int main()
{
    int rc = 0;

    if(access(TEST_PATH, F_OK))
    {
        rc = mkfifo(TEST_PATH, 0666);
        if(rc < 0)
        {
            printf("create fifo[%s] error!", TEST_PATH);
            return 1;
        }
    }

    int fd = open(TEST_PATH, O_WRONLY|O_NONBLOCK);//写端以非阻塞方式打开
    if(fd < 0)
    {
        perror("open");
        exit(1);
    }

    int count = 0;
    char send_buf[32] = {0};
    while(1)
    {
        snprintf(send_buf, sizeof(send_buf), "Hello world %d", count++);
        rc = write(fd, send_buf, sizeof(send_buf));
        if(rc > 0)
        {
            printf("Write: %s\n", send_buf);
        }
        
        if(count == 10)
        {
            memset(send_buf, 0x00, sizeof(send_buf));
            strncpy(send_buf, "quit", 4);
            write(fd, send_buf, sizeof(send_buf));
            break;
        }
        sleep(2);
    }

    close(fd);
    return 0;
}

输出如下
写端

读端