Gilbert Strang-Linear Algebra-Orthogonality

最新推荐文章于 2019-05-05 22:39:00 发布

weixin_39203419

最新推荐文章于 2019-05-05 22:39:00 发布

阅读量689

点赞数

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_39203419/article/details/79486541

版权

本文探讨了线性代数中的正交性概念，包括两个子空间的正交性定义，以及零空间和行空间的正交性质。还介绍了正交补的概念，并通过矩阵A的行空间和零空间在高维空间中的例子进行解释。此外，讨论了在无法求解Ax=b时，如何使用投影矩阵找到最佳解。最后，定义了正交归一化和正交矩阵，并概述了它们的特性。

摘要由CSDN通过智能技术生成

Orthognality

Orthogonality of the four spaces

Def.1 Orthognality:
Two subspaces $V$ and $W$ of a vector space are $Orthogonal$ if every vector $\pmb{v}$ is perpendicular to every vector $\pmb{w}$ in $\pmb{W}$ .
Orthogonal subspaces

v v T w w = 0

$\pmb{v}^T \pmb{w} = 0$ for all

vv v v $\pmb{v}$ in

VV V V $\pmb{V}$ and

ww w w $\pmb{w}$ in

WW W W $\pmb{W}$ .

The surface of the floor and the wall is perpendicular, but these two spaces are not orthogonal, since we can still find two vectors in each space that are not perpendicular.
Null space and Row Space are orthogonal
If $\pmb{x}\in N(A)$ , then we have $A\pmb{x} = 0$ .

⎡ ⎣ ⎢ ⎢ ⎢ r o w 1 r o w 2 . . . r o w m ⎤ ⎦ ⎥ ⎥ ⎥ [x] = ⎡ ⎣ ⎢ ⎢ ⎢ r o w 1 ∙ x r o w 2 ∙ x . . . r o w m ∙ x ⎤ ⎦ ⎥ ⎥ ⎥ = ⎡ ⎣ ⎢ ⎢ ⎢ 00 . . . 0 ⎤ ⎦ ⎥ ⎥ ⎥

$\begin{bmatrix} row_1\\row_2\\...\\row_m\end{bmatrix}\begin{bmatrix}x\end{bmatrix}=\begin{bmatrix}row_1 \bullet x\\row_2 \bullet x \\ ...\\row_m \bullet x\end{bmatrix}=\begin{bmatrix}0\\0\\...\\0\end{bmatrix}$
Inner product of

xx x x $\pmb{x}$ and the matrix

A A $A$ equals