性能优越的深度学习模型通常都有很大的参数量以及冗余的参数量，这导致模型很难部署，相反，生物神经网络都是用的是有效的稀疏连接，按照参数的重要性来减少压缩参数，可以有效地降低参数的存储量、消耗的计算量以及硬件的电量。本文主要是教大家如何使用torch中的prune工具将参数稀疏化（torch.nn.utils.prune）
需求环境
torch>1.4.0版本才具有该功能
需要加载的第三方库如下方代码所示：
import torch
from torch import nn
import torch.nn.utils.prune as prune
import torch.nn.functional as F
创建模型
在本例中，以LeNet为例：
注意要是已经训练好的模型
device = torch.device("cuda" if torch.cuda.is_available() else "cpu")
class LeNet(nn.Module):
def __init__(self):
super(LeNet, self).__init__()
# 1 input image channel, 6 output channels, 3x3 square conv kernel
self.conv1 = nn.Conv2d(1, 6, 3)
self.conv2 = nn.Conv2d(6, 16, 3)
self.fc1 = nn.Linear(16 * 5 * 5, 120) # 5x5 image dimension
self.fc2 = nn.Linear(120, 84)
self.fc3 = nn.Linear(84, 10)
def forward(self, x):
x = F.max_pool2d(F.relu(self.conv1(x)), (2, 2))
x = F.max_pool2d(F.relu(self.conv2(x)), 2)
x = x.view(-1, int(x.nelement() / x.shape[0]))
x = F.relu(self.fc1(x))
x = F.relu(self.fc2(x))
x = self.fc3(x)
return x
model = LeNet().to(device=device)
检查模型
检查以下LeNet中没有剪枝的层conv1,它包含两种参数weights和bias,且没有缓冲区。
print(list(module.named_parameters()))
Out:
[('weight', Parameter containing:
tensor([[[[ 0.3161, -0.2212, 0.0417],
[ 0.2488, 0.2415, 0.2071],
[-0.2412, -0.2400, -0.2016]]],
[[[ 0.0419, 0.3322, -0.2106],
[ 0.1776, -0.1845, -0.3134],
[-0.0708, 0.1921, 0.3095]]],
[[[-0.2070, 0.0723, 0.2876],
[ 0.2209, 0.2077, 0.2369],
[ 0.2108, 0.0861, -0.2279]]],
[[[-0.2799, -0.1527, -0.0388],
[-0.2043, 0.1220, 0.1032],
[-0.0755, 0.1281, 0.1077]]],
[[[ 0.2035, 0.2245, -0.1129],
[ 0.3257, -0.0385, -0.0115],
[-0.3146, -0.2145, -0.1947]]],
[[[-0.1426, 0.2370, -0.1089],
[-0.2491, 0.1282, 0.1067],
[ 0.2159, -0.1725, 0.0723]]]], device='cuda:0', requires_grad=True)), ('bias', Parameter containing:
tensor([-0.1214, -0.0749, -0.2656, -0.1519, -0.1021, 0.1425], device='cuda:0',
requires_grad=True))]
print(list(module.named_buffers()))
Out:
[]
对模型进行剪枝
要对conv1进行剪枝，首先要确定一种剪枝方法（通过torch.nn.utils.prune指定，也可以通过使用自己创建的剪枝方法BasePruningMethod），然后，指定剪枝模块的名称和模块中要剪枝的参数的名称，然后，指定一些剪枝函数中的特定参数。
在本例中，我们要随机裁剪30% 的连接参数（命名为weight)，name字段模块中的参数名，amout代表要裁剪的百分比，是0~1之前的浮点型。
prune.random_unstructured(module, name="weight", amount=0.3)
剪枝的行为就是从参数中移除weight，并且替换weight_orig 成一个新参数名 （添加_orig 字段到最初的参数name），weight_org保存了原始的没有剪枝的张量，bias没有被修剪，所以它保持不变。
print(list(module.named_parameters()))
Out:
[('bias', Parameter containing:
tensor([-0.1214, -0.0749, -0.2656, -0.1519, -0.1021, 0.1425], device='cuda:0',
requires_grad=True)), ('weight_orig', Parameter containing:
tensor([[[[ 0.3161, -0.2212, 0.0417],
[ 0.2488, 0.2415, 0.2071],
[-0.2412, -0.2400, -0.2016]]],
[[[ 0.0419, 0.3322, -0.2106],
[ 0.1776, -0.1845, -0.3134],
[-0.0708, 0.1921, 0.3095]]],
[[[-0.2070, 0.0723, 0.2876],
[ 0.2209, 0.2077, 0.2369],
[ 0.2108, 0.0861, -0.2279]]],
[[[-0.2799, -0.1527, -0.0388],
[-0.2043, 0.1220, 0.1032],
[-0.0755, 0.1281, 0.1077]]],
[[[ 0.2035, 0.2245, -0.1129],
[ 0.3257, -0.0385, -0.0115],
[-0.3146, -0.2145, -0.1947]]],
[[[-0.1426, 0.2370, -0.1089],
[-0.2491, 0.1282, 0.1067],
[ 0.2159, -0.1725, 0.0723]]]], device='cuda:0', requires_grad=True))]
剪枝的过程中会生成剪枝mask,叫做weight_mask ，被保存为module buffer的格式（添加_mask字段到原始的参数name)
print(list(module.named_buffers()))
Out:
[('weight_mask', tensor([[[[0., 1., 0.],
[1., 0., 0.],
[1., 1., 1.]]],
[[[1., 0., 1.],
[1., 1., 0.],
[1., 0., 1.]]],
[[[1., 0., 0.],
[0., 1., 1.],
[1., 1., 1.]]],
[[[1., 0., 0.],
[1., 1., 1.],
[1., 1., 1.]]],
[[[1., 0., 1.],
[1., 1., 1.],
[0., 1., 1.]]],
[[[1., 1., 1.],
[1., 1., 0.],
[1., 1., 0.]]]], device='cuda:0'))]
为了使前向传输的过程不需要修改，weight属性需要保留，通过将原始参数和mask结合的方式，保存在weight属性中
print(module.weight)
Out:
tensor([[[[ 0.0000, -0.2212, 0.0000],
[ 0.2488, 0.0000, 0.0000],
[-0.2412, -0.2400, -0.2016]]],
[[[ 0.0419, 0.0000, -0.2106],
[ 0.1776, -0.1845, -0.0000],
[-0.0708, 0.0000, 0.3095]]],
[[[-0.2070, 0.0000, 0.0000],
[ 0.0000, 0.2077, 0.2369],
[ 0.2108, 0.0861, -0.2279]]],
[[[-0.2799, -0.0000, -0.0000],
[-0.2043, 0.1220, 0.1032],
[-0.0755, 0.1281, 0.1077]]],
[[[ 0.2035, 0.0000, -0.1129],
[ 0.3257, -0.0385, -0.0115],
[-0.0000, -0.2145, -0.1947]]],
[[[-0.1426, 0.2370, -0.1089],
[-0.2491, 0.1282, 0.0000],
[ 0.2159, -0.1725, 0.0000]]]], device='cuda:0',
grad_fn=<MulBackward0>)
最后，可以用forward_pre_hooks将剪枝应用到前向传播的每一步，特殊地，当模块已经被剪枝后，每一个被剪枝的参数都需要forward_pre_hook ，在这个例子中，因为我们只需要简直原始参数中的weight，所以只有一个hook
print(module._forward_pre_hooks)
Out:
OrderedDict([(0, <torch.nn.utils.prune.RandomUnstructured object at 0x7f700bd95b00>)])
为了完整性，现在我们对bias也进行剪枝，看一下模块的parameters, buffers, hooks, and attributes 会发生怎样的变化，为了尝试不同的剪枝方法，我们剪枝bias中的L1范数最小的三个最小的条目，部署如下：
prune.l1_unstructured(module, name="bias", amount=3)## 标题
现在原始的参数有weight_orig 和bias_orig，缓存取（buffer）有weight_mask 和bias_mask,被剪枝的两种参数张量将会模块属性存在，此时模块将会两个forward_pre_hooks。
Out:
[('weight_orig', Parameter containing:
tensor([[[[ 0.3161, -0.2212, 0.0417],
[ 0.2488, 0.2415, 0.2071],
[-0.2412, -0.2400, -0.2016]]],
[[[ 0.0419, 0.3322, -0.2106],
[ 0.1776, -0.1845, -0.3134],
[-0.0708, 0.1921, 0.3095]]],
[[[-0.2070, 0.0723, 0.2876],
[ 0.2209, 0.2077, 0.2369],
[ 0.2108, 0.0861, -0.2279]]],
[[[-0.2799, -0.1527, -0.0388],
[-0.2043, 0.1220, 0.1032],
[-0.0755, 0.1281, 0.1077]]],
[[[ 0.2035, 0.2245, -0.1129],
[ 0.3257, -0.0385, -0.0115],
[-0.3146, -0.2145, -0.1947]]],
[[[-0.1426, 0.2370, -0.1089],
[-0.2491, 0.1282, 0.1067],
[ 0.2159, -0.1725, 0.0723]]]], device='cuda:0', requires_grad=True)), ('bias_orig', Parameter containing:
tensor([-0.1214, -0.0749, -0.2656, -0.1519, -0.1021, 0.1425], device='cuda:0',
requires_grad=True))]
print(list(module.named_buffers()))
Out:
[('weight_mask', tensor([[[[0., 1., 0.],
[1., 0., 0.],
[1., 1., 1.]]],
[[[1., 0., 1.],
[1., 1., 0.],
[1., 0., 1.]]],
[[[1., 0., 0.],
[0., 1., 1.],
[1., 1., 1.]]],
[[[1., 0., 0.],
[1., 1., 1.],
[1., 1., 1.]]],
[[[1., 0., 1.],
[1., 1., 1.],
[0., 1., 1.]]],
[[[1., 1., 1.],
[1., 1., 0.],
[1., 1., 0.]]]], device='cuda:0')), ('bias_mask', tensor([0., 0., 1., 1., 0., 1.], device='cuda:0'))]
print(module.bias)
Out:
tensor([-0.0000, -0.0000, -0.2656, -0.1519, -0.0000, 0.1425], device='cuda:0',
grad_fn=<MulBackward0>)
print(module._forward_pre_hooks)
Out:
OrderedDict([(0, <torch.nn.utils.prune.RandomUnstructured object at 0x7f700bd95b00>), (1, <torch.nn.utils.prune.L1Unstructured object at 0x7f700bd959e8>)])
迭代剪枝
同样的参数可以在模型中剪枝多次，可以运用一系列多个剪枝方法（同样会有多个mask),mask的结合可以调用PruningContainer’s compute_mask。例如，继续上面的例子，我们想继续剪枝模型的参数，这次采用结构化的剪枝（根据第0维，对于卷积层来说也就是channel维，conv1的channel维=6），基于channel的L2，可以用ln_structured ，n=2,dim=0;
prune.ln_structured(module, name="weight", amount=0.5, n=2, dim=0)
# As we can verify, this will zero out all the connections corresponding to
# 50% (3 out of 6) of the channels, while preserving the action of the
# previous mask.
print(module.weight)
Out:
tensor([[[[ 0.0000, -0.2212, 0.0000],
[ 0.2488, 0.0000, 0.0000],
[-0.2412, -0.2400, -0.2016]]],
[[[ 0.0000, 0.0000, -0.0000],
[ 0.0000, -0.0000, -0.0000],
[-0.0000, 0.0000, 0.0000]]],
[[[-0.2070, 0.0000, 0.0000],
[ 0.0000, 0.2077, 0.2369],
[ 0.2108, 0.0861, -0.2279]]],
[[[-0.0000, -0.0000, -0.0000],
[-0.0000, 0.0000, 0.0000],
[-0.0000, 0.0000, 0.0000]]],
[[[ 0.2035, 0.0000, -0.1129],
[ 0.3257, -0.0385, -0.0115],
[-0.0000, -0.2145, -0.1947]]],
对应的hook就是torch.nn.utils.prune.PruningContainer类型，存储历史对于weight的剪枝。
for hook in module._forward_pre_hooks.values():
if hook._tensor_name == "weight": # select out the correct hook
break
print(list(hook)) # pruning history in the container
Out:
[<torch.nn.utils.prune.RandomUnstructured object at 0x7f700bd95b00>, <torch.nn.utils.prune.LnStructured object at 0x7f700bd9d208>]
序列化已剪枝的模型
所有有关的张量、包括mask和原始的参数（用来计算剪枝好的模型的）都被存储在模型的state_dict ，可以被轻松地序列化和储存。
print(model.state_dict().keys())
Out:
odict_keys(['conv1.weight_orig', 'conv1.bias_orig', 'conv1.weight_mask', 'conv1.bias_mask', 'conv2.weight', 'conv2.bias', 'fc1.weight', 'fc1.bias', 'fc2.weight', 'fc2.bias', 'fc3.weight', 'fc3.bias'])
移除剪枝
print(list(module.named_parameters()))
Out:
[('weight_orig', Parameter containing:
tensor([[[[ 0.3161, -0.2212, 0.0417],
[ 0.2488, 0.2415, 0.2071],
[-0.2412, -0.2400, -0.2016]]],
[[[ 0.0419, 0.3322, -0.2106],
[ 0.1776, -0.1845, -0.3134],
[-0.0708, 0.1921, 0.3095]]],
[[[-0.2070, 0.0723, 0.2876],
[ 0.2209, 0.2077, 0.2369],
[ 0.2108, 0.0861, -0.2279]]],
[[[-0.2799, -0.1527, -0.0388],
[-0.2043, 0.1220, 0.1032],
[-0.0755, 0.1281, 0.1077]]],
[[[ 0.2035, 0.2245, -0.1129],
[ 0.3257, -0.0385, -0.0115],
[-0.3146, -0.2145, -0.1947]]],
[[[-0.1426, 0.2370, -0.1089],
[-0.2491, 0.1282, 0.1067],
[ 0.2159, -0.1725, 0.0723]]]], device='cuda:0', requires_grad=True)), ('bias_orig', Parameter containing:
tensor([-0.1214, -0.0749, -0.2656, -0.1519, -0.1021, 0.1425], device='cuda:0',
requires_grad=True))]
print(list(module.named_buffers()))
Out:
[('weight_mask', tensor([[[[0., 1., 0.],
[1., 0., 0.],
[1., 1., 1.]]],
[[[0., 0., 0.],
[0., 0., 0.],
[0., 0., 0.]]],
[[[1., 0., 0.],
[0., 1., 1.],
[1., 1., 1.]]],
[[[0., 0., 0.],
[0., 0., 0.],
[0., 0., 0.]]],
[[[1., 0., 1.],
[1., 1., 1.],
[0., 1., 1.]]],
[[[0., 0., 0.],
[0., 0., 0.],
[0., 0., 0.]]]], device='cuda:0')), ('bias_mask', tensor([0., 0., 1., 1., 0., 1.], device='cuda:0'))]
print(module.weight)
Out:
tensor([[[[ 0.0000, -0.2212, 0.0000],
[ 0.2488, 0.0000, 0.0000],
[-0.2412, -0.2400, -0.2016]]],
[[[ 0.0000, 0.0000, -0.0000],
[ 0.0000, -0.0000, -0.0000],
[-0.0000, 0.0000, 0.0000]]],
[[[-0.2070, 0.0000, 0.0000],
[ 0.0000, 0.2077, 0.2369],
[ 0.2108, 0.0861, -0.2279]]],
[[[-0.0000, -0.0000, -0.0000],
[-0.0000, 0.0000, 0.0000],
[-0.0000, 0.0000, 0.0000]]],
[[[ 0.2035, 0.0000, -0.1129],
[ 0.3257, -0.0385, -0.0115],
[-0.0000, -0.2145, -0.1947]]],
[[[-0.0000, 0.0000, -0.0000],
[-0.0000, 0.0000, 0.0000],
[ 0.0000, -0.0000, 0.0000]]]], device='cuda:0',
grad_fn=<MulBackward0>)
剪枝永久化：
为了剪枝参数永久应用上，要把weight_orig 和weight_mask、forward_pre_hook移除，用torch.nn.utils.prune里面的remove来做，注意，这里相当于是将裁剪后的模型参数应用到模型上
prune.remove(module, 'weight')
print(list(module.named_parameters()))
Out:
[('bias_orig', Parameter containing:
tensor([-0.1214, -0.0749, -0.2656, -0.1519, -0.1021, 0.1425], device='cuda:0',
requires_grad=True)), ('weight', Parameter containing:
tensor([[[[ 0.0000, -0.2212, 0.0000],
[ 0.2488, 0.0000, 0.0000],
[-0.2412, -0.2400, -0.2016]]],
[[[ 0.0000, 0.0000, -0.0000],
[ 0.0000, -0.0000, -0.0000],
[-0.0000, 0.0000, 0.0000]]],
[[[-0.2070, 0.0000, 0.0000],
[ 0.0000, 0.2077, 0.2369],
[ 0.2108, 0.0861, -0.2279]]],
[[[-0.0000, -0.0000, -0.0000],
[-0.0000, 0.0000, 0.0000],
[-0.0000, 0.0000, 0.0000]]],
[[[ 0.2035, 0.0000, -0.1129],
[ 0.3257, -0.0385, -0.0115],
[-0.0000, -0.2145, -0.1947]]],
[[[-0.0000, 0.0000, -0.0000],
[-0.0000, 0.0000, 0.0000],
[ 0.0000, -0.0000, 0.0000]]]], device='cuda:0', requires_grad=True))]
print(list(module.named_buffers()))
Out:
[('bias_mask', tensor([0., 0., 1., 1., 0., 1.], device='cuda:0'))]
remove之后：
prune.remove(module, 'weight')
print(list(module.named_parameters()))
Out:
[('bias_orig', Parameter containing:
tensor([-0.1214, -0.0749, -0.2656, -0.1519, -0.1021, 0.1425], device='cuda:0',
requires_grad=True)), ('weight', Parameter containing:
tensor([[[[ 0.0000, -0.2212, 0.0000],
[ 0.2488, 0.0000, 0.0000],
[-0.2412, -0.2400, -0.2016]]],
[[[ 0.0000, 0.0000, -0.0000],
[ 0.0000, -0.0000, -0.0000],
[-0.0000, 0.0000, 0.0000]]],
[[[-0.2070, 0.0000, 0.0000],
[ 0.0000, 0.2077, 0.2369],
[ 0.2108, 0.0861, -0.2279]]],
[[[-0.0000, -0.0000, -0.0000],
[-0.0000, 0.0000, 0.0000],
[-0.0000, 0.0000, 0.0000]]],
[[[ 0.2035, 0.0000, -0.1129],
[ 0.3257, -0.0385, -0.0115],
[-0.0000, -0.2145, -0.1947]]],
[[[-0.0000, 0.0000, -0.0000],
[-0.0000, 0.0000, 0.0000],
[ 0.0000, -0.0000, 0.0000]]]], device='cuda:0', requires_grad=True))]
print(list(module.named_buffers()))
Out:
[('bias_mask', tensor([0., 0., 1., 1., 0., 1.], device='cuda:0'))]
剪枝多个参数
具体化剪枝方法后，我们可以应用多个剪枝方法在同一个模型中，如下面这个例子所示：
new_model = LeNet()
for name, module in new_model.named_modules():
# prune 20% of connections in all 2D-conv layers
if isinstance(module, torch.nn.Conv2d):
prune.l1_unstructured(module, name='weight', amount=0.2)
# prune 40% of connections in all linear layers
elif isinstance(module, torch.nn.Linear):
prune.l1_unstructured(module, name='weight', amount=0.4)
print(dict(new_model.named_buffers()).keys()) # to verify that all masks exist
Out:
dict_keys(['conv1.weight_mask', 'conv2.weight_mask', 'fc1.weight_mask', 'fc2.weight_mask', 'fc3.weight_mask'])
全局剪枝
目前为止，我们只讲了局部剪枝，在模型中一个一个剪，那么如何一次性剪整个模型呢？如果要去掉模型20%的连接，替代方法就是去掉每层20%的连接，接下来介绍一个每层减少不同比例参数量的方法。
model = LeNet()
parameters_to_prune = (
(model.conv1, 'weight'),
(model.conv2, 'weight'),
(model.fc1, 'weight'),
(model.fc2, 'weight'),
(model.fc3, 'weight'),
)
prune.global_unstructured(
parameters_to_prune,
pruning_method=prune.L1Unstructured,
amount=0.2,
)
下面检查剪枝后参数的稀疏性，每层的剪枝也许不是20%，但是全局的剪枝接近20%。
print(
"Sparsity in conv1.weight: {:.2f}%".format(
100. * float(torch.sum(model.conv1.weight == 0))
/ float(model.conv1.weight.nelement())
)
)
print(
"Sparsity in conv2.weight: {:.2f}%".format(
100. * float(torch.sum(model.conv2.weight == 0))
/ float(model.conv2.weight.nelement())
)
)
print(
"Sparsity in fc1.weight: {:.2f}%".format(
100. * float(torch.sum(model.fc1.weight == 0))
/ float(model.fc1.weight.nelement())
)
)
print(
"Sparsity in fc2.weight: {:.2f}%".format(
100. * float(torch.sum(model.fc2.weight == 0))
/ float(model.fc2.weight.nelement())
)
)
print(
"Sparsity in fc3.weight: {:.2f}%".format(
100. * float(torch.sum(model.fc3.weight == 0))
/ float(model.fc3.weight.nelement())
)
)
print(
"Global sparsity: {:.2f}%".format(
100. * float(
torch.sum(model.conv1.weight == 0)
+ torch.sum(model.conv2.weight == 0)
+ torch.sum(model.fc1.weight == 0)
+ torch.sum(model.fc2.weight == 0)
+ torch.sum(model.fc3.weight == 0)
)
/ float(
model.conv1.weight.nelement()
+ model.conv2.weight.nelement()
+ model.fc1.weight.nelement()
+ model.fc2.weight.nelement()
+ model.fc3.weight.nelement()
)
)
)
Out:
Sparsity in conv1.weight: 7.41%
Sparsity in conv2.weight: 9.49%
Sparsity in fc1.weight: 22.00%
Sparsity in fc2.weight: 12.28%
Sparsity in fc3.weight: 9.76%
Global sparsity: 20.00%
定义自己的剪枝算法
通过nn.utils.prune 的BasePruningMethod 来定义，需要定义的函数有__call__, apply_mask, apply, prune, 和remove。根据应用需求，不俗hi以上所有都需要定义，必须要定义的是__init__ 和compute_mask（怎样计算mask),同时，需要要指定运用于全局、结构化的、非结构化的种类，还需要定义在迭代剪枝的过程中怎样combine mask。
剩下的懒得翻译了。。
Let’s assume, for example, that you want to implement a pruning technique that prunes every other entry in a tensor (or – if the tensor has previously been pruned – in the remaining unpruned portion of the tensor). This will be of PRUNING_TYPE=‘unstructured’ because it acts on individual connections in a layer and not on entire units/channels (‘structured’), or across different parameters (‘global’).
下面是例子：
class FooBarPruningMethod(prune.BasePruningMethod):
"""Prune every other entry in a tensor
"""
PRUNING_TYPE = 'unstructured'
def compute_mask(self, t, default_mask):
mask = default_mask.clone()
mask.view(-1)[::2] = 0
return mask
现在，把参数应用到nn.Module中，需要一些简单的函数具体化方法和应用它。
def foobar_unstructured(module, name):
"""Prunes tensor corresponding to parameter called `name` in `module`
by removing every other entry in the tensors.
Modifies module in place (and also return the modified module)
by:
1) adding a named buffer called `name+'_mask'` corresponding to the
binary mask applied to the parameter `name` by the pruning method.
The parameter `name` is replaced by its pruned version, while the
original (unpruned) parameter is stored in a new parameter named
`name+'_orig'`.
Args:
module (nn.Module): module containing the tensor to prune
name (string): parameter name within `module` on which pruning
will act.
Returns:
module (nn.Module): modified (i.e. pruned) version of the input
module
Examples:
>>> m = nn.Linear(3, 4)
>>> foobar_unstructured(m, name='bias')
"""
FooBarPruningMethod.apply(module, name)
return module
下面来试一下：
model = LeNet()
foobar_unstructured(model.fc3, name='bias')
print(model.fc3.bias_mask)
Out:
tensor([0., 1., 0., 1., 0., 1., 0., 1., 0., 1.])
需要注意的是！！！！
pytorch的prune模块还在研究阶段，目前还没有实际的功效
也就是以上经过prune及remove的操作只是将部分参数置为0而已，并没有实际的节约内存及加速计算的功效
也就是乘法次数还是一样的！！！！
所以真的要进行剪枝的话，不建议使用pytorch的prune模块
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