Python 基础笔记 - Excel

前言

Python 可以通过以下两个模块访问 Excel：

• xlrd 模块实现对 Excel 文件内容读取。
• xlwt 模块实现对 Excel 文件的写入。

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一、开发准备

1. 安装

    使用前需要安装模块：

	$ pip install xlwt
	$ pip install xlrd

2. 导入

	import xlwt

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二、xlrd 模块使用

1. 基础操作

1.1 打开 Excel 文件

	workbook = xlrd.open_workbook('xx.xls')

1.2 获取所有 Sheet 相关信息

	 # 获取所有sheet名称
	sheet_name = workbook.sheet_names()  
	#  根据下标获取sheet名称
	sheet2_name = workbook.sheet_names()[1]
	# 根据sheet索引或者名称获取sheet内容，同时获取sheet名称、列数、行数
	sheet2 = workbook.sheet_by_index(1)
	print('sheet2名称:{}\nsheet2列数: {}\nsheet2行数: {}'.format(sheet2.name, sheet2.ncols, sheet2.nrows))

1.4 读取整行和整列的值

	# 获取整行
	print(sheet1.row_values(3))  
	# 整列整列
	print(sheet1.col_values(3)) 

1.5 读取指定单元格的内容

	# 获取 第 2 行 1 列内容
	print(sheet1.cell(1,0).value) 
	print(sheet1.cell_value(1,0))
	print(sheet1.row(1)[0].value) 

2. 单元格类型

2.1 读取单元格内容的数据类型

说明：ctype : 0 empty,1 string, 2 , 3 date, 4 boolean, 5 error

	# 获取单元格内容的数据类型
	print(sheet1.cell(1,0).ctype) 

类型清单：

类型	值
empty	0
string	1
number	2
date	3
boolean	4
error	5

2.2 获取特殊格式单元格内容

• 日期类型

	# 使用xlrd的xldate_as_tuple处理为date格式
	from datetime import datetime,date
	 
	if sheet1.cell(3,6).ctype == 3 :
    	print(sheet1.cell(3, 6).value)  # 41463.0
    	date_value = xlrd.xldate_as_tuple(sheet1.cell(3, 6).value, data.datemode)
    	print(date_value)  # (2013, 7, 8, 0, 0, 0)
    	print(date(*date_value[:3])) # 2013-07-08
    	print(date(*date_value[:3]).strftime('%Y/%m/%d'))  # 2013/07/08

• number 类型

	if sheet1.cell(3, 5).ctype == 2:
	    print(sheet1.cell(3, 5).value)  # 133111.0
	    num_value = int(sheet1.cell(3, 5).value) # 转为整型数据
	    print(num_value)  # 133111

3. 获取合并单元格的内容

3.1 直接读取

需要 merged_cells 属性，merged_cells 四个参数的含义是：( row, row_range, col, col_range)，其中 [row, row_range) 左闭右开（包括 row，不包括 row_range），col 也是一样，下标从0开始。例如：

• (0, 1, 0, 8) 表示 1 列 - 8 列合并
• (2, 6, 0, 1) 表示 3 行 - 6 行合并

	# 需要在读取文件的时候添加个参数，将formatting_info参数设置为True，默认是False，否则可能调用merged_cells属性获取到的是空值。
	print(sheet1.merged_cells)  # 结果： [(0, 1, 0, 8), (2, 6, 0, 1)]
	# 分别获取合并2个单元格的内容：
	print(sheet1.cell(0,0).value)  
	print(sheet1.cell_value(2, 0))  

规律 ： 获取merge_cells返回的row和col低位的索引即可！

3.2 简便方式

	merge_value = []
	for (row, row_range, col, col_range) in sheet1.merged_cells:
	    merge_value.append((row, col))
	 
	print(merge_value)  # [(0, 0), (2, 0)]
	for v in merge_value:
	    print(sheet1.cell(v[0], v[1]).value)

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三、xlwt 模块使用

1. 基础操作

1.1 创建 Workbook

创建一个 Excel 文件并制定编码格式为 UTF-8

	workbook = xlwt.Workbook(encoding = 'utf-8')

1.2 新建 Worksheet

	worksheet = workbook.add_sheet('My Worksheet')

1.3 写入 Excel

# 参数对应 行, 列, 值
	worksheet.write(1,0, label = 'this is test')

1.4 保存

	workbook.save('Excel_test.xls')

运行后 会在当前目录生成一个Excel_test.xls

2. 设置样式

2.1 设置单元格样式

	style = xlwt.XFStyle() # 初始化样式
	
	font = xlwt.Font() # 为样式创建字体
	font.name = 'Times New Roman' 
	font.bold = True # 黑体
	font.underline = True # 下划线
	font.italic = True # 斜体字
	
	style.font = font # 设定样式
	# 不带样式的写入
	worksheet.write(0, 0, 'Unformatted value')
	# 带样式的写入`
	worksheet.write(1, 0, 'Formatted value', style) 

2.2 设置单元格宽度

	worksheet.col(0).width = 3333

2.3 设置日期格式

	style = xlwt.XFStyle()
	# Other options: D-MMM-YY, D-MMM, MMM-YY, h:mm, h:mm:ss, h:mm, h:mm:ss, M/D/YY h:mm, mm:ss, [h]:mm:ss, mm:ss.0
	style.num_format_str = 'M/D/YY' 
	worksheet.write(0, 0, datetime.datetime.now(), style)

2.4 设置单元格对齐

	alignment = xlwt.Alignment() # Create Alignment
	alignment.horz = xlwt.Alignment.HORZ_CENTER # May be: HORZ_GENERAL, HORZ_LEFT, HORZ_CENTER, HORZ_RIGHT, HORZ_FILLED, HORZ_JUSTIFIED, HORZ_CENTER_ACROSS_SEL, HORZ_DISTRIBUTED
	alignment.vert = xlwt.Alignment.VERT_CENTER # May be: VERT_TOP, VERT_CENTER, VERT_BOTTOM, VERT_JUSTIFIED, VERT_DISTRIBUTED
	style = xlwt.XFStyle() # Create Style
	style.alignment = alignment # Add Alignment to Style
	worksheet.write(0, 0, 'Cell Contents', style)

2.5 设置单元格边框

	# Please note: While I was able to find these constants within the source code, on my system (using LibreOffice,) I was only presented with a solid line, varying from thin to thick; no dotted or dashed lines.
	borders = xlwt.Borders() # Create Borders
	# DASHED虚线 NO_LINE没有 THIN实线
	borders.left = xlwt.Borders.DASHED 
	    
	# May be: NO_LINE, THIN, MEDIUM, DASHED, DOTTED, THICK, DOUBLE, HAIR, MEDIUM_DASHED, THIN_DASH_DOTTED, MEDIUM_DASH_DOTTED, THIN_DASH_DOT_DOTTED, MEDIUM_DASH_DOT_DOTTED, SLANTED_MEDIUM_DASH_DOTTED, or 0x00 through 0x0D.
	borders.right = xlwt.Borders.DASHED
	borders.top = xlwt.Borders.DASHED
	borders.bottom = xlwt.Borders.DASHED
	borders.left_colour = 0x40
	borders.right_colour = 0x40
	borders.top_colour = 0x40
	borders.bottom_colour = 0x40
	style = xlwt.XFStyle() # Create Style
	style.borders = borders # Add Borders to Style
	worksheet.write(0, 0, 'Cell Contents', style)

2.6 为单元格设置背景色:

    # Create the Pattern
	pattern = xlwt.Pattern()
	# May be: NO_PATTERN, SOLID_PATTERN, or 0x00 through 0x12
	pattern.pattern = xlwt.Pattern.SOLID_PATTERN 
	# May be: 8 through 63. 0 = Black, 1 = White, 2 = Red, 3 = Green, 4 = Blue, 5 = Yellow, 6 = Magenta, 7 = Cyan, 16 = Maroon, 17 = Dark Green, 18 = Dark Blue, 19 = Dark Yellow , almost brown), 20 = Dark Magenta, 21 = Teal, 22 = Light Gray, 23 = Dark Gray, the list goes on...
	pattern.pattern_fore_colour = 5 
	style = xlwt.XFStyle()
	 # Add Pattern to Style
	style.pattern = pattern
	worksheet.write(0, 0, 'Cell Contents', style)

3. 添加公式

	# Should output "10" (A1[5] * A2[2])
	worksheet.write(1, 0, xlwt.Formula('A1*B1'))
	# Should output "7" (A1[5] + A2[2])
	worksheet.write(1, 1, xlwt.Formula('SUM(A1,B1)')) 
	# 添加一个超链接
	worksheet.write(0, 0, xlwt.Formula('HYPERLINK("http://www.google.com";"Google")'))

4. 合并列和行

	# Merges row 0's columns 0 through 3.
	worksheet.write_merge(0, 0, 0, 3, 'First Merge') 
	font = xlwt.Font() # Create Font
	font.bold = True # Set font to Bold
	style = xlwt.XFStyle() # Create Style
	style.font = font # Add Bold Font to Style
	# Merges row 1 through 2's columns 0 through 3.
	worksheet.write_merge(1, 2, 0, 3, 'Second Merge', style) 

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总结

有了这个， 咱就可以用 Python 快速完成 Excel 编辑了。