python import相对导入和绝对导入_python包的相对导入与绝对导入使用

一、错误使用，造成的错误描述如下：

ModuleNotFoundError: No module named '__main__.operation'; '__main__' is not a package

ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'operation'

ValueError: attempted relative import beyond top-level package

二、实例目录结构：

cur_path

│

├─packages

│ ├─__init__.py

│ ├─ui.py

│ │

│ ├─operation

│ │ ├─__init__.py

│ │ ├─mixed_operation.py

│ │ └─simple_operation.py

│ │

│ └─util

│ ├─__init__.py

│ ├─add.py

│ ├─div.py

│ ├─mul.py

│ └─sub.py

└─main.py

三、示例：

1、main.py

#!/usr/bin/env python

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

from packages.ui import main

if __name__ == "__main__":

main()

2、packages/ui.py

from .operation.mixed_operation import mix

def main():

mix()

if __name__ == "__main__":

main()

3、packages/operation/mixed_operation.py

from .simple_operation import *

def mix():

num = one_add_two() + three_mul_four() + five_sub_six() + seven_sub_eight()

print("1 + 2 + 3 * 4 + 5 - 6 + 7 / 8 = ", num)

4、packages/operation/simple_operation.py

from ..util.add import add

from ..util.sub import sub

from ..util.mul import mul

from ..util.div import div

def one_add_two():

return add(1, 2)

def three_mul_four():

return mul(3, 4)

def five_sub_six():

return sub(5, 6)

def seven_sub_eight():

return div(7, 8)

__all__ = ["one_add_two", "three_mul_four", "five_sub_six", "seven_sub_eight"]

5、packages/util/add.py

def add(a, b):

return a + b

6、packages/util/div.py

def div(a, b):

return a / b

7、packages/util/mul.py

def mul(a, b):

return a * b

8、packages/util/sub.py

def sub(a, b):

return a - b

四、运行方式：

1、正确运行方式：

python -m packages.ui

python main.py

2、错误运行方式以及错误描述

# 直接运行的脚本中不能含有相对导入

python packages/ui.py

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "packages/ui.py", line 6, in

from .operation.mixed_operation import mix

ModuleNotFoundError: No module named '__main__.operation'; '__main__' is not a package

################################

# 模块方式，引入当前需要添加.号

# ui.py中的from后没有.

python -m packages.ui

packages\ui.py", line 3, in

from operation.mixed_operation import mix

ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'operation'