关于计算机方面的英语ppt,计算机专业英语ppt.ppt

计算机专业英语ppt.ppt

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19.9 积分

Operating SystemPassage 1,Unit 2 Computer SoftwareCOMPUTER’S TRAFFIC COPThe computer’s operating system (OS) keeps traffic running smoothly. You can think of the operating system as a computerized version of a traffic cop, standing at the intersection of the computer’s hardware, application programs, and the user.Because operating systems work closely with the computer’s hardware and with application programs, all of these components must be designed to work together harmoniously. The operating system requires a specific type or family of processors. Basic functions of OSThe operating system starts the computer, manage programs, parcels out memory, deals with input and output devices, and provides a means of interacting with the user.parcel sth. out verb = to divide or share something among several people:vt. 划分，分配1. STARTING THE COMPUTERBootingWhen you start or restart a computer, it reloads the OS into the computer’s memory. This process is called booting, after the notion that the computer “pulls itself up by its bootstraps”. Boot vt. To enter (a program) into a computer using a few initial instructions. 引导：使用一些初始命令进入计算机(的一个程序) bootstrap n 鞋带pull yourself up by your bootstraps = to improve your position and get out of a difficult situation by your own efforts, without help from other people 自力更生，自启动 Cold boot: start the computer after the power has been switched offWarm boot: restart a computer that is already on. This is often necessary after installing new software or after an application crashes. In Pcs, you can initiate a warm boot by pressing Ctrl+Alt+Del.crash vi & vt = if a computer crashes, or if you crash the computer, it suddenly stops working: (计算机)崩溃，死机E.g. The system crashed and I lost three hours' worth of work.Initiate v.tr To set going by taking the first step; begin 展开最初的工作, 开始In both types of booting, the computer copies the essential portions of the OS, called the kernel or the supervisor program, into the computer’s memory, where they remain during the entire operating session. The kernel is called memory resident because it “resides” in memory at all times. (So it must kept as small as possible.)Less frequently used portions of the OS, called nonresident, are copied from the disk as needed. BIOS screen and Setup ProgramBIOS = basic input/output systemWhen you first turn on or reset a PC, you’ll see the BIOS screen, a text-only screen that provides information about the BIOS software encoded in the computer’s ROM.BIOS equips the computer with the software needed to accept keyboard input and display information on-screen.BIOS设置程序是储存在BIOS芯片中的，只有在开机时才可以进行设置。ROM(read-only memory)只读存贮器 通常指固化存储器(一次写入，反复读取)RAM (random access memory) 随机存取存储器，它的特点是易挥发性，即掉电失忆。Power-On Self Test (POST)Goal: to make sure that the computer and associated peripherals are operating correctly.Among the components tested are the computer’s main memory (RAM), the keyboard, floppy disk drives, and the ha。省略部分。e a thread, the OS finds an idle processor and assigns the thread to this processor.进程是程序在计算机上的一次执行活动。运行一个程序，就启动了一个进程。显然，程序是死的(静态的)，进程是活的(动态的)。多任务：同一个时间里，同一个计算机中允许两个或两个以上的进程处于运行状态。进程又被细化为线程，也就是一个进程下有多个能独立运行的更小的单位。进程是操作系统进行资源分配的单位， 线程是CPU调度的最小单位3. MANAGING MEMORYThe OS gives each running program its own portion of the memory and －by means of cooperative or preemptive multitasking －attempts to keep the running programs from interfering with each other’s use of the memory.Most of today’s OSs can make the computer’s main memory (RAM memory) seem larger than it really is. This trick is accomplished by means of virtual memory, a method of using the computer’s hard disk as an extension of RAM. In virtual memory, program instructions and data are divided into units of fixed size, called pages. If memory is full, the OS starts storing copies of pages in a hard disk file, called the swap files. When the pages are needed, they are copied back into memory.page n. A quantity of memory storage equal to between 512 and 4,096 bytes. 主记忆体的一种标准计量单位：相当于512到4096个字节的记忆储存量swap n. An exchange of one thing for another. 交换Disks are much slower than RAM chips. For this reason, adding more RAM to your computer is often the best way to improve its performance. 4. HANDLING I/OA third OS function involves dealing with input and output devices. These devices generate interrupts, signals that informed the OS that something has happened (e.g., the user has pressed a key, the mouse has moved to a new position, or a document has finished printing). The OS provides interrupt handlers, miniprograms that kick in immediately when an interrupt occurs.kick in [informal] to start or to begin to have an effect 开始起作用 5. USER INTERFACEFrom the user’s perspective, what makes or breaks an OS is the quality of the user interface, the part of the OS that interacts with the user.The three types of user interfaces are Command-line Menu-drivenGraphical interface make or break ＝to cause something or someone either to be very successful or to fail completely 或成或毁， 决定…的成败 Critics can make or break a young performerCommand-Line User Interface Requires the user to type commands using keywords that tell the OS what to do.Command-line OSs aren’t popular with most users because they require memorization, and it is easy to make a typing mistake. Some experienced users actually prefer them, because you can operate the computer quickly after you’ve memorized the keywords and syntax.Menu-driven user interfaces Enable the user to avoid memorizing keywords and syntax.On-screen, text-based menus show all the options available at a given point. Graphical user interfacesAre by far the most popular. In an OS, GUIs are used to create the desktop environment, which appears after the OS starts. In a desktop environment, computer resources (such as programs, data files, and network connections) are represented by small icons. You can initiate many actions by clicking an icon. 关 键 词： 专业英语 ppt 计算机

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