python 粒子群_使用粒子群优化(PSO)来训练神经网络(Numpy)

本文介绍了如何使用Python和Numpy结合粒子群优化(PSO)算法来训练神经网络模型。首先,文章阐述了神经网络的基本概念和优化算法。接着,详细解释了如何使用PSO算法来替代传统的反向传播和梯度下降,具体包括定义神经网络结构、数据预处理、损失函数、前向传播、预测和精度计算。最后,展示了如何初始化和运行PSO优化过程,以及如何获取并评估最优解。
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神经网络是最著名且使用最广泛的算法之一。在监督学习中,我们标记了输出数据,我们将预测输出与实际标签进行比较,然后计算误差。在神经网络中,我们以同样的方式定义神经网络体系结构,通过比较实际标签和预测标签来计算误差,然后使用某种优化算法来优化该误差。训练神经网络最广泛使用的算法是反向传播和梯度下降。但是,我们可以使用任何优化算法来训练我们的神经网络模型。今天我们将看看如何在Python中使用Numpy用粒子群优化来训练神经网络模型。

神经网络

导入Python库

from sklearn.datasets import load_irisfrom pso_numpy import *import numpy as np

导入sklearn加载Iris flower机器学习数据集,pso_numpy使用PSO算法,numpy执行神经网络的forward pass。

加载机器学习数据集

#load iris dataset..data = load_iris()#Store input & target in X and Y..X = data.dataY = data.target

从sklearn加载Iris数据集,并将输入数据分配给X,将目标标签分配给Y。

定义架构

#define no of nodes in each layer..INPUT_NODES = 4HIDDEN_NODES = 20OUTPUT_NODES = 3

在神经网络模型中定义输入,隐藏和输出节点数。

One-hot编码

def one_hot_encode(Y):    """    create one-hot encoded vectors from target labels(Y).    :param Y: int(N, )    :return: int(N, C)        Returns an array of shape(N, C) where C is number of classes.    """    num_unique = len(np.unique(np.array(Y)))    zeros = np.zeros((len(Y), num_unique))    zeros[range(len(Y)), Y] = 1    return zeros

如果我们要计算分类交叉熵损失,则使用One-hot编码。将唯一的向量分配给每个目标标签(类)。该函数将Y作为输入,并为每个类返回One-hot编码向量。

Softmax激活

def softmax(logits):    """    Apply softmax function on logits and return probabilities.    :param logits: double(N, C)        Logits of each instance for each class.    :return: double(N, C)        probability for each class of each instance.    """    exps = np.exp(logits)    return exps / np.sum(exps, axis=1, keepdims=True)

使用Softmax函数从logits(不应用任何激活的最后一层的输出)计算每个类的概率。

损失函数

def Negative_Likelihood(probs, Y):    """    Calculates Negative Log Likelihood loss.    :param probs: double(N, C)        Probability of each instance for each class.    :param Y: int(N, )        Integer representation of each class.    :return: double        Returns value of loss calculated.    """    num_samples = len(probs)    corect_logprobs = -np.log(probs[range(num_samples), Y])    return np.sum(corect_logprobs) / num_samplesdef Cr

This add-in to the PSO Research toolbox (Evers 2009) aims to allow an artificial neural network (ANN or simply NN) to be trained using the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) technique (Kennedy, Eberhart et al. 2001). This add-in acts like a bridge or interface between MATLAB’s NN toolbox and the PSO Research Toolbox. In this way, MATLAB’s NN functions can call the NN add-in, which in turn calls the PSO Research toolbox for NN training. This approach to training a NN by PSO treats each PSO particle as one possible solution of weight and bias combinations for the NN (Settles and Rylander ; Rui Mendes 2002; Venayagamoorthy 2003). The PSO particles therefore move about in the search space aiming to minimise the output of the NN performance function. The author acknowledges that there already exists code for PSO training of a NN (Birge 2005), however that code was found to work only with MATLAB version 2005 and older. This NN-addin works with newer versions of MATLAB till versions 2010a. HELPFUL LINKS: 1. This NN add-in only works when used with the PSORT found at, http://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/28291-particle-swarm-optimization-research-toolbox. 2. The author acknowledges the modification of code used in an old PSO toolbox for NN training found at http://www.mathworks.com.au/matlabcentral/fileexchange/7506. 3. User support and contact information for the author of this NN add-in can be found at http://www.tricia-rambharose.com/ ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author acknowledges the support of advisors and fellow researchers who supported in various ways to better her understanding of PSO and NN which lead to the creation of this add-in for PSO training of NNs. The acknowledged are as follows: * Dr. Alexander Nikov - Senior lecturer and Head of Usaility Lab, UWI, St. Augustine, Trinidad, W.I. http://www2.sta.uwi.edu/~anikov/ * Dr. Sabine Graf - Assistant Professor, Athabasca University, Alberta, Canada. http://scis.athabascau.ca/scis/staff/faculty.jsp?id=sabineg * Dr. Kinshuk - Professor, Athabasca University, Alberta, Canada. http://scis.athabascau.ca/scis/staff/faculty.jsp?id=kinshuk * Members of the iCore group at Athabasca University, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
神经网络是一种机器学习算法,而粒子群优化(Particle Swarm Optimization,PSO)是一种优化算法。在神经网络中,我们可以使用PSO算法来优化神经网络的权重和偏置。 在Python中,有许多库可以用于实现神经网络粒子群优化算法。例如,可以使用NumPy库来进行矩阵运算,使用Keras或PyTorch库来构建神经网络模型,然后使用自定义的PSO算法来优化权重和偏置。 下面是一个使用Python实现神经网络粒子群优化的示例代码: ```python import numpy as np # 定义神经网络模型 class NeuralNetwork: def __init__(self, input_dim, hidden_dim, output_dim): self.weights1 = np.random.rand(input_dim, hidden_dim) self.bias1 = np.random.rand(hidden_dim) self.weights2 = np.random.rand(hidden_dim, output_dim) self.bias2 = np.random.rand(output_dim) def forward(self, X): hidden_layer = np.dot(X, self.weights1) + self.bias1 hidden_activation = self.sigmoid(hidden_layer) output_layer = np.dot(hidden_activation, self.weights2) + self.bias2 output_activation = self.sigmoid(output_layer) return output_activation def sigmoid(self, x): return 1 / (1 + np.exp(-x)) # 定义粒子群优化算法 class PSO: def __init__(self, num_particles, max_iter, neural_network): self.num_particles = num_particles self.max_iter = max_iter self.neural_network = neural_network def optimize(self, X, y): # 初始化粒子群的位置和速度 particles = np.random.rand(self.num_particles, len(self.neural_network.weights1) + len(self.neural_network.weights2)) velocities = np.random.rand(self.num_particles, len(self.neural_network.weights1) + len(self.neural_network.weights2)) # 初始化全局最优解 global_best_particle = None global_best_fitness = float('inf') for iteration in range(self.max_iter): for i in range(self.num_particles): # 计算粒子的适应度 particle_weights = particles[i] self.neural_network.weights1 = particle_weights[:len(self.neural_network.weights1)] self.neural_network.weights2 = particle_weights[len(self.neural_network.weights1):] y_pred = self.neural_network.forward(X) fitness = self.calculate_fitness(y_pred, y) # 更新个体最优解 if fitness < global_best_fitness: global_best_fitness = fitness global_best_particle = particles[i] # 更新粒子的速度和位置 velocities[i] = velocities[i] + 2 * np.random.rand() * (global_best_particle - particles[i]) particles[i] = particles[i] + velocities[i] # 使用全局最优解更新神经网络的权重和偏置 self.neural_network.weights1 = global_best_particle[:len(self.neural_network.weights1)] self.neural_network.weights2 = global_best_particle[len(self.neural_network.weights1):] def calculate_fitness(self, y_pred, y): return ((y_pred - y) ** 2).mean() # 创建神经网络模型 input_dim = 10 hidden_dim = 5 output_dim = 1 neural_network = NeuralNetwork(input_dim, hidden_dim, output_dim) # 创建粒子群优化对象 num_particles = 10 max_iter = 100 pso = PSO(num_particles, max_iter, neural_network) # 创建训练数据 X = np.random.rand(100, input_dim) y = np.random.rand(100, output_dim) # 使用粒子群优化算法优化神经网络 pso.optimize(X, y) # 使用优化后的神经网络进行预测 y_pred = neural_network.forward(X) ``` 这是一个简单的示例,仅用于说明如何使用粒子群优化算法优化神经网络。实际应用中,可能需要进行更多的调优和改进。希望对你有所帮助!
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