本篇对于Python操作MySQL主要使用两种方式:
原生模块 pymsql
ORM框架 SQLAchemy
pymsql
pymsql是Python中操作MySQL的模块,其使用方法和MySQLdb几乎相同。
下载安装
pip3 install pymysql
使用操作
1、执行SQL
# 创建连接
conn = pymysql.connect(host='127.0.0.1', port=3306, user='root', passwd='123456', db='db1',charset='utf8')
# 创建游标
cursor = conn.cursor()
# 执行SQL,并返回受影响行数
effect_row = cursor.execute("update hosts set host = '1.1.1.2' where nid > %s", (1,))
# 执行SQL,并返回受影响行数
effect_row = cursor.executemany("insert into hosts(host,color_id)values(%s,%s)", [("1.1.1.11",1),("1.1.1.11",2)])
# 提交,不然无法保存新建或者修改的数据
conn.commit()
# 关闭游标
cursor.close()
# 关闭连接
conn.close()
增,删,改需要执行 conn.commit()
2、获取新创建数据自增ID
import pymysql
conn = pymysql.connect(host='127.0.0.1', port=3306, user='root', passwd='123', db='t1')
cursor = conn.cursor()
cursor.executemany("insert into hosts(host,color_id)values(%s,%s)", [("1.1.1.11",1),("1.1.1.11",2)])
conn.commit()
cursor.close()
conn.close()
# 获取最新自增ID => 如果插入多条,只能拿到最后一条id
new_id = cursor.lastrowid
3、获取查询数据
import pymysql
conn = pymysql.connect(host='127.0.0.1', port=3306, user='root', passwd='123', db='t1')
cursor = conn.cursor()
cursor.execute("select * from hosts")
# 获取第一行数据
row_1 = cursor.fetchone()
# => 再次执行:cursor.fetchone() 获得下一条数据,没有时为None
# 获取前n行数据
# row_2 = cursor.fetchmany(n)
# ==> 执行了n次fetchone()
# 获取所有数据
# row_3 = cursor.fetchall()
conn.commit()
cursor.close()
conn.close()
注:在fetch数据时按照顺序进行,可以使用cursor.scroll(num,mode)来移动游标位置,如:
cursor.scroll(-1,mode='relative') # 相对当前位置移动
cursor.scroll(2,mode='absolute') # 相对绝对位置移动
4、fetch数据类型
关于默认获取的数据是元祖类型,如果想要或者字典类型的数据,即:
import pymysql
conn = pymysql.connect(host='127.0.0.1', port=3306, user='root', passwd='123456', db='t1')
# 游标设置为字典类型
cursor = conn.cursor(cursor=pymysql.cursors.DictCursor)
row = cursor.execute("select * from user")
result = cursor.fetchone()
print(result)
conn.commit()
cursor.close()
conn.close()
补充:
1.SQL注入
由于字符串拼接出现注入
"select name from user where name='%s' and password ='%s' " %(username,password)
pymysql 提供了转义功能:
"select name from user where name=%s and password =%s",( username,password )
SQLAchemy
SQLAlchemy是Python编程语言下的一款ORM框架,该框架建立在数据库API之上,使用关系对象映射进行数据库操作,
简言之便是:将对象转换成SQL,然后使用数据API执行SQL并获取执行结果。
ORM:
ORM框架的作用就是把数据库表的一行记录与一个对象互相做自动转换。 正确使用ORM的前提是了解关系数据库的原理。
ORM就是把数据库表的行与相应的对象建立关联,互相转换。 由于关系数据库的多个表还可以用外键实现一对多、多对多等关联,
相应地, ORM框架也可以提供两个对象之间的一对多、多对多等功能。
SQLAlchemy:
本身无法操作数据库,其必须以pymsql等第三方插件,
Dialect用于和数据API进行交流,根据配置文件的不同调用不同的数据库API,从而实现对数据库的操作,如:
MySQL-Python
mysql+mysqldb://:@[:]/
pymysql
mysql+pymysql://:@/[?]
MySQL-Connector
mysql+mysqlconnector://:@[:]/
cx_Oracle
oracle+cx_oracle://user:pass@host:port/dbname[?key=value&key=value...]
更多详见:http://docs.sqlalchemy.org/en/latest/dialects/index.html
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*-coding:utf-8 -*-
from sqlalchemy import create_engine,and_,or_,func,Table
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String,ForeignKey
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker,relationship
engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123456@127.0.0.1:3306/t1?charset=utf8", max_overflow=5)
Base = declarative_base()
def init_db():
Base.metadata.create_all(engine)
def drop_db():
Base.metadata.drop_all(engine)
一、底层处理
使用 Engine/ConnectionPooling/Dialect 进行数据库操作,Engine使用ConnectionPooling连接数据库,然后再通过Dialect执行SQL语句。
#!/usr/bin/env python#-*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from sqlalchemy importcreate_engine
engine= create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/t1", max_overflow=5)#执行SQL#cur = engine.execute(#"INSERT INTO hosts (host, color_id) VALUES ('1.1.1.22', 3)"#)
#新插入行自增ID#cur.lastrowid
#执行SQL#cur = engine.execute(#"INSERT INTO hosts (host, color_id) VALUES(%s, %s)",[('1.1.1.22', 3),('1.1.1.221', 3),]#)
#执行SQL#cur = engine.execute(#"INSERT INTO hosts (host, color_id) VALUES (%(host)s, %(color_id)s)",#host='1.1.1.99', color_id=3#)
#执行SQL#cur = engine.execute('select * from hosts')#获取第一行数据#cur.fetchone()#获取第n行数据#cur.fetchmany(3)#获取所有数据#cur.fetchall()
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二、ORM功能使用
使用 ORM/Schema Type/SQL Expression Language/Engine/ConnectionPooling/Dialect 所有组件对数据进行操作。
根据类创建对象,对象转换成SQL,执行SQL。处理中文数据时,在连接数据库时要加上 ?charset=utf8
1.创建表
#!/usr/bin/env python#-*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative importdeclarative_basefrom sqlalchemy importColumn, Integer, String, ForeignKey, UniqueConstraint, Indexfrom sqlalchemy.orm importsessionmaker, relationshipfrom sqlalchemy importcreate_engine
engine= create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/t1", max_overflow=5)
Base=declarative_base()#创建单表
classUsers(Base):__tablename__ = 'users'id= Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
name= Column(String(32))
extra= Column(String(16))#设置索引:
__table_args__ =(
UniqueConstraint('id', 'name', name='uix_id_name'),
Index('ix_id_name', 'name', 'extra'),
)#输出Users对象时,调用:
def __repr__(self):return "%s-%s-%s" %(self.id, self.name , self.extra)definit_db():
Base.metadata.create_all(engine)#创建表
defdrop_db():
Base.metadata.drop_all(engine)#删除表
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一对多
#一对多
classFavor(Base):__tablename__ = 'favor'nid= Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
caption= Column(String(50), default='red', unique=True)classPerson(Base):__tablename__ = 'person'nid= Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
name= Column(String(32), index=True, nullable=True)
favor_id= Column(Integer, ForeignKey("favor.nid")) #外键
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多对多
#多对多
classGroup(Base):__tablename__ = 'group'id= Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
name= Column(String(64), unique=True, nullable=False)
port= Column(Integer, default=22)classServer(Base):__tablename__ = 'server'id= Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
hostname= Column(String(64), unique=True, nullable=False)classServerToGroup(Base):__tablename__ = 'servertogroup'nid= Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
server_id= Column(Integer, ForeignKey('server.id'))
group_id= Column(Integer, ForeignKey('group.id'))
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2.操作表
#!/usr/bin/env python#-*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative importdeclarative_basefrom sqlalchemy importColumn, Integer, String, ForeignKey, UniqueConstraint, Indexfrom sqlalchemy.orm importsessionmaker, relationshipfrom sqlalchemy importcreate_engine
engine= create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/t1", max_overflow=5)#生成一个SQLORM基类
Base =declarative_base()#创建单表
classUsers(Base):__tablename__ = 'users'id= Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
name= Column(String(32))
extra= Column(String(16))__table_args__ =(
UniqueConstraint('id', 'name', name='uix_id_name'),
Index('ix_id_name', 'name', 'extra'),
)def __repr__(self):return "%s-%s" %(self.id, self.name)#一对多
classFavor(Base):__tablename__ = 'favor'nid= Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
caption= Column(String(50), default='red', unique=True)def __repr__(self):return "%s-%s" %(self.nid, self.caption)classPerson(Base):__tablename__ = 'person'nid= Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
name= Column(String(32), index=True, nullable=True)
favor_id= Column(Integer, ForeignKey("favor.nid"))#与生成表结构无关,仅用于查询方便
favor = relationship("Favor", backref='pers')#多对多
classServerToGroup(Base):__tablename__ = 'servertogroup'nid= Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
server_id= Column(Integer, ForeignKey('server.id'))
group_id= Column(Integer, ForeignKey('group.id'))
group= relationship("Group", backref='s2g')
server= relationship("Server", backref='s2g')classGroup(Base):__tablename__ = 'group'id= Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
name= Column(String(64), unique=True, nullable=False)
port= Column(Integer, default=22)#group = relationship('Group',secondary=ServerToGroup,backref='host_list')
classServer(Base):__tablename__ = 'server'id= Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
hostname= Column(String(64), unique=True, nullable=False)definit_db():
Base.metadata.create_all(engine)defdrop_db():
Base.metadata.drop_all(engine)#这两行触发sessionmaker类下的__call__方法,return得到 Session实例,赋给变量session,#所以session可以调用Session类下的add,add_all等方法
Session= sessionmaker(bind=engine)
session= Session()
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.增
obj = Users(name="alex0", extra='sb')
session.add(obj)
session.add_all([
Users(name="alex1", extra='sb'),
Users(name="alex2", extra='sb'),
])
session.commit()
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.删
session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 2).delete()
session.commit()
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.改
session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 2).update({"name" : "099"})
session.query(Users).filter(Users.id> 2).update({Users.name: Users.name + "099"}, synchronize_session=False)
session.query(Users).filter(Users.id> 2).update({"num": Users.num + 1}, synchronize_session="evaluate")
session.commit()
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.查
ret =session.query(Users).all()
ret=session.query(Users.name, Users.extra).all()
ret= session.query(Users).filter_by(name='alex').all()
ret= session.query(Users).filter_by(name='alex').first()
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3.更多查询方法:
#!/usr/bin/env python#-*-coding:utf-8 -*-
from sqlalchemy importcreate_engine,and_,or_,func,Tablefrom sqlalchemy.ext.declarative importdeclarative_basefrom sqlalchemy importColumn, Integer, String,ForeignKeyfrom sqlalchemy.orm importsessionmaker,relationship
engine= create_engine('mysql+pymysql://root@127.0.0.1:3307/day40?charset=utf8')
Base=declarative_base()classMan_To_Woman(Base):__tablename__ = 'man_to_woman'nid= Column(Integer,primary_key=True)
man_id= Column(Integer,ForeignKey('man.nid'))
woman_id= Column(Integer,ForeignKey('woman.nid'))classMan(Base):__tablename__ = 'man'nid= Column(Integer,primary_key=True)
name= Column(String(20),nullable=False)
woman= relationship("Woman", secondary=Man_To_Woman.__table__)classWoman(Base):__tablename__ = 'woman'nid= Column(Integer,primary_key=True)
name= Column(String(20),nullable=False)
man= relationship("Man",secondary=Man_To_Woman.__table__)
Base.metadata.create_all(engine)
MySession=sessionmaker(engine)
session= MySession()
事例: 表结构
1.filter_by( ... ) 填写键值对方式
ret = session.query(Man).filter_by(name='alex').first()print(ret.nid,ret.name)
2.filter 填写条件判断
ret = session.query(Man).filter(Man.name=='eric').first()ret= session.query(Man).filter(Man.name=='eric' , Man.nid >0).first()row= session.query(Man).filter(Man.nid.between(1,4)).all()ret= session.query(Users).filter(Users.id.in_(session.query(Users.id).filter_by(name='eric'))).all()
3.and_ or_ 条件判断
from sqlalchemy importand_, or_
ret= session.query(Man).filter(and_(Man.name == 'eric',Man.nid == 2)).first()
ret= session.query(Man).filter(or_(Man.name == 'eric',Man.nid == 2)).first()
4.~ 取反
ret = session.query(Man).filter(Man.nid.in_([2,3])).first()
ret= session.query(Man).filter(~Man.nid.in_([2,3])).first()
5.like + % 通配符
ret = session.query(Man).filter(Man.name.like('%x')).first()
ret= session.query(Man).filter(~Man.name.like('%x')).first()
6.切片 限制 ( 序号,前闭后开 )
row = session.query(Man)[1:3]for ret inrow:print(ret.nid, ret.name)
row= session.query(Man).limit(3).offset(1)
7.order_by 排序
row =session.query(Man).order_by(Man.nid.desc()).all()
row= session.query(Man).order_by(Man.nid.asc()).all()
8.group_by 分组
row = session.query(func.count('*')).select_from(Man).all()
row= session.query(func.count('*')).filter(Man_To_Woman.nid > 1).all()
row= session.query(func.count('*')).select_from(Man_To_Woman).group_by(Man_To_Woman.man_id).all()
row= session.query(func.count('*')).select_from(Man_To_Woman).group_by(Man_To_Woman.man_id).limit(1).all()
row=session.query(Man_To_Woman).group_by(Man_To_Woman.man_id).all()
ret=session.query(Users).group_by(Users.extra).all()
ret=session.query(
func.max(Users.id),
func.sum(Users.id),
func.min(Users.id)).group_by(Users.name).all()
ret=session.query(
func.max(Users.id),
func.sum(Users.id),
func.min(Users.id)).group_by(Users.name).having(func.min(Users.id)>2).all()
9.join 连表
row = session.query(Users, Favor).filter(Users.id ==Favor.nid).all()
ret=session.query(Son).join(Father).all()
ret= session.query(Son).join(Father, isouter=True).all()
10.union 组合
q1 = session.query(Users.name).filter(Users.id > 2)
q2= session.query(Favor.caption).filter(Favor.nid < 2)
ret=q1.union(q2).all()
q1= session.query(Users.name).filter(Users.id > 2)
q2= session.query(Favor.caption).filter(Favor.nid < 2)
ret= q1.union_all(q2).all()
更多功能参见文档,猛击这里下载PDF
补充 Relationship:
改变数据输出的方式:可以在表的类中定义一个特殊成员:__repr__, return一个自定义的由字符串拼接的数据连接方式.
数据库中表关系之间除了MySQL中标准的外键(ForeignKey)之外,还可以创建一个虚拟的关系,比如 group = relationship("Group",backref='uuu'),一般此虚拟关系与foreignkey一起使用.
relationship : 通过relatioinship 找到绑定关系的数据 !!!
一对多,连表操作:
classFather(Base):__tablename__ ='father'nid= Column(Integer,primary_key=True)
name= Column(String(32))
son= relationship('Son')classSon(Base):__tablename__ = 'son'nid= Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
name= Column(String(32))
father_id= Column(Integer,ForeignKey('father.nid'))
father= relationship('Father')
表结构
正向查询:
需求:查询Son表中所有数据,并且显示对应的Father表中的数据.
ret =session.query(Son).all()for obj inret:print(obj.nid,obj.name,obj.father_id,obj.father.name)
反向查询:
需求:查询Father表中, 属于 alvin 的所有儿子Son.
obj = session.query(Father).filter(Father.name=='alvin').first()row=obj.sonfor ret inrow:print(ret.nid,ret.name,ret.father.name)
多对多,连表操作:
#!/usr/bin/env python#-*-coding:utf-8 -*-
from sqlalchemy importcreate_engine,and_,or_,func,Tablefrom sqlalchemy.ext.declarative importdeclarative_basefrom sqlalchemy importColumn, Integer, String,ForeignKeyfrom sqlalchemy.orm importsessionmaker,relationship
engine= create_engine('mysql+pymysql://root@127.0.0.1:3307/day40?charset=utf8')
Base=declarative_base()classMan_To_Woman(Base):__tablename__ = 'man_to_woman'nid= Column(Integer,primary_key=True)
man_id= Column(Integer,ForeignKey('man.nid'))
woman_id= Column(Integer,ForeignKey('woman.nid'))classMan(Base):__tablename__ = 'man'nid= Column(Integer,primary_key=True)
name= Column(String(20),nullable=False)
woman= relationship("Woman", secondary=Man_To_Woman.__table__)classWoman(Base):__tablename__ = 'woman'nid= Column(Integer,primary_key=True)
name= Column(String(20),nullable=False)
man= relationship("Man",secondary=Man_To_Woman.__table__)
Base.metadata.create_all(engine)
MySession=sessionmaker(engine)
session= MySession()
表结构
正,反向操作:
1.alex的所有女人
2.凤姐的所有男人
man1 = session.query(Man).filter(Man.name=='alex').first()print(man1)for ret inman1.woman:print(ret.nid,ret.name)
woman1= session.query(Woman).filter(Woman.name=='fengjie').first()print(woman1)for ret inwoman1.man:print(ret.nid,ret.name)
relatioinship 语句的简写: ,我添加到Man表中
woman = relationship("Woman", secondary=Man_To_Woman.__table__,backref='man')
1 关于 session.add session.query session.commit的顺序问题?
在同一个会话中, insert into table (xxxx)后,可以接着 select * from xxx; 查询到刚刚插入的数据;
只是不能在其他会话,比如我另开一个客户端去连接数据库不能查询到刚刚插入的数据。
这个数据已经到数据库。值是数据库吧这个数据给锁了。只有插入数据的那个session可以查看到,其他的session不能查看到,可以理解提交并解锁吧。