python3 items函数_【python基础】3-函数

def：定义函数

#!/usr/bin/python3

# ----- function without arguments -----

def greeting():

print("-----------------------------")

print(" Hello World ")

print("-----------------------------")

greeting()

# ----- 带参数的函数 -----

def sum_two_numbers(num1, num2):

total = num1 + num2

print("{} + {} = {}".format(num1, num2, total))

sum_two_numbers(3, 4)

# ----- 带返回值的函数 -----

def num_square(num):

return num * num

my_num = 3

print(num_square(2))

print(num_square(my_num))

def关键字用于定义函数

函数必须在使用前定义

一个常见的错误是忘记了def声明语句后的:

函数、控制结构等等代码块都是根据缩进进行区分

默认return值是None

format包含在下一个主题中

$ ./functions.py

-----------------------------

Hello World

-----------------------------

3 + 4 = 7

4

9

默认参数

#!/usr/bin/python3

# ----- function with default valued argument -----

def greeting(style_char='-'):

print(style_char * 29)

print(" Hello World ")

print(style_char * 29)

print("Default style")

greeting()

print("\nStyle character *")

greeting('*')

print("\nStyle character =")

greeting(style_char='=')

通常，如果函数需要根据相关参数改变，可以设定一个默认的行为

$ ./functions_default_arg_value.py

Default style

-----------------------------

Hello World

-----------------------------

Style character *

*****************************

Hello World

*****************************

Style character =

=============================

Hello World

=============================

三引号注释常用于描述函数的功能目的

为了避免示例代码分散注意力，这个指南中不会经常为函数和程序使用文档字符串(docstrings)

查看Docstrings章节的例子和讨论

def num_square(num):

"""

returns square of number

"""

return num * num

进一步阅读

有许多调用函数和其他声明类型的方式，参考下面的链接获取更多信息：

print函数

默认print函数会添加换行符

这可以通过end参数传入我们自己想要的字符串进行更改

>>> print("hi")

hi

>>> print("hi", end='')

hi>>>

>>> print("hi", end=' !!\n')

hi !!

>>>

help函数可以用来从解释器获取函数的快速使用帮助

按q从帮助页面退出

>>> help(print)

Help on built-in function print in module builtins:

print(...)

print(value, ..., sep=' ', end='\n', file=sys.stdout, flush=False)

Prints the values to a stream, or to sys.stdout by default.

Optional keyword arguments:

file: a file-like object (stream); defaults to the current sys.stdout.

sep: string inserted between values, default a space.

end: string appended after the last value, default a newline.

flush: whether to forcibly flush the stream.

传入print函数的多个参数可以通过,分隔

默认的sep值是单个空格

>>> a = 5

>>> b = 2

>>> print(a+b, a-b)

7 3

>>> print(a+b, a-b, sep=' : ')

7 : 3

>>> print(a+b, a-b, sep='\n')

7

3

当打印变量时会调用str方法输出字符结果

所以，除非需要粘连字符串，我们不需要显式地指定输出类型

>>> greeting = 'Hello World'

>>> print(greeting)

Hello World

>>> num = 42

>>> print(num)

42

>>> print(greeting + '. We are learning Python')

Hello World. We are learning Python

>>> print(greeting, '. We are learning Python', sep='')

Hello World. We are learning Python

>>> print("She bought " + num + " apples")

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "", line 1, in

TypeError: Can't convert 'int' object to str implicitly

>>> print("She bought " + str(num) + " apples")

She bought 42 apples

作为备用选项，使用多个参数并根据情况改变sep分隔符

>>> print("She bought", num, "apples")

She bought 42 apples

>>> items = 15

>>> print("No. of items:", items)

No. of items: 15

>>> print("No. of items:", items, sep='')

No. of items:15

为了重定向打印输出到stderr，我们更改file参数

>>> import sys

>>> print("Error!! Not a valid input", file=sys.stderr)

Error!! Not a valid input

str.format()可以用来设定字符串的风格，处理多个字符串时比粘连方式更优雅

>>> num1 = 42

>>> num2 = 7

>>> '{} + {} = {}'.format(num1, num2, num1 + num2)

'42 + 7 = 49'

# 或者将格式保存为一个变量然后在需要的地方使用

>>> op_fmt = '{} + {} = {}'

>>> op_fmt.format(num1, num2, num1 + num2)

'42 + 7 = 49'

>>> op_fmt.format(num1, 29, num1 + 29)

'42 + 29 = 71'

# 在print函数内部使用也当然没问题

>>> print('{} + {} = {}'.format(num1, num2, num1 + num2))

42 + 7 = 49

使用有序的参数

>>> num1

42

>>> num2

7

>>> print("{0} + {1} * {0} = {2}".format(num1, num2, num1 + num2 * num1))

42 + 7 * 42 = 336

数值格式——使用可选的参数值接:和格式风格进行指定

>>> appx_pi = 22 / 7

>>> appx_pi

3.142857142857143

# 在小数点后限制数字的位数

# 数值会进行取舍

>>> print("{0:.2f}".format(appx_pi))

3.14

>>> print("{0:.3f}".format(appx_pi))

3.143

# 对齐

>>> print("{0:<10.3f} and 5.12".format(appx_pi))

3.143 and 5.12

>>> print("{0:>10.3f} and 5.12".format(appx_pi))

3.143 and 5.12

# 用0填充

>>> print("{0:08.3f}".format(appx_pi))

0003.143

不同的基数

>>> print("42 in binary = {:b}".format(42))

42 in binary = 101010

>>> print("42 in octal = {:o}".format(42))

42 in octal = 52

>>> print("241 in hex = {:x}".format(241))

241 in hex = f1

# 通过#添加0b/0o/0x前缀

>>> print("42 in binary = {:#b}".format(42))

42 in binary = 0b101010

>>> hex_str = "{:x}".format(42)

>>> hex_str

'2a'

# 也可以使用内置的format函数

>>> format(42, 'x')

'2a'

>>> format(42, '#x')

'0x2a'

# 将字符串转换为整型

>>> int(hex_str, base=16)

42

>>> int('0x2a', base=16)

42

跟r前缀相似，使用f前缀可以用来表示格式化的字符串

Python v3.6引进

跟str.format()相似，在{}中指定变量/表达式

>>> num1 = 42

>>> num2 = 7

>>> f'{num1} + {num2} = {num1 + num2}'

'42 + 7 = 49'

>>> print(f'{num1} + {num2} = {num1 + num2}')

42 + 7 = 49

>>> appx_pi = 22 / 7

>>> f'{appx_pi:08.3f}'

'0003.143'

>>> f'{20:x}'

'14'

>>> f'{20:#x}'

'0x14'

进一步阅读

range函数

默认参数start=0和step=1,因此它们可以跳过或者根据需要合适地设定

range(stop)

range(start, stop)

range(start, stop, step)

注意range的输出不包含stop值(左闭右开)

查阅列表章节获取列表的讨论和例子

>>> range(5)

range(0, 5)

>>> list(range(5))

[0, 1, 2, 3, 4]

>>> list(range(-2, 2))

[-2, -1, 0, 1]

>>> list(range(1, 15, 2))

[1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13]

>>> list(range(10, -5, -2))

[10, 8, 6, 4, 2, 0, -2, -4]

type函数

用于检查变量和数值的数据类型

>>> type(5)

>>> type('Hi there!')

>>> type(range(7))

>>> type(None)

>>> type(True)

>>> arr = list(range(4))

>>> arr

[0, 1, 2, 3]

>>> type(arr)

变量作用域

#!/usr/bin/python3

def print_num():

print("Yeehaw! num is visible in this scope, its value is: " + str(num))

num = 25

print_num()

在函数调用之前定义的变量在函数作用域内可视

$ ./variable_scope_1.py

Yeehaw! num is visible in this scope, its value is: 25

在函数代码块内声明的一个变量在代码块之外使用会发生什么？

#!/usr/bin/python3

def square_of_num(num):

sqr_num = num * num

square_of_num(5)

print("5 * 5 = {}".format(sqr_num))

这里，sqr_num声明在square_of_num函数内，在代码块外不能够使用

$ ./variable_scope_2.py

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "./variable_scope_2.py", line 7, in

print("5 * 5 = {}".format(sqr_num))

NameError: name 'sqr_num' is not defined

一种解决办法是使用global关键字

#!/usr/bin/python3

def square_of_num(num):

global sqr_num

sqr_num = num * num

square_of_num(5)

print("5 * 5 = {}".format(sqr_num))

现在，即使在函数外我们也能够使用sqr_num

$ ./variable_scope_3.py

5 * 5 = 25

如果一个变量名在函数内外都进行了定义，函数内的变量不会影响函数外变量的使用

#!/usr/bin/python3

sqr_num = 4

def square_of_num(num):

sqr_num = num * num

print("5 * 5 = {}".format(sqr_num))

square_of_num(5)

print("Whoops! sqr_num is still {}!".format(sqr_num))

注意使用global sqr_num会影响函数外的sqr_num

$ ./variable_scope_4.py

5 * 5 = 25

Whoops! sqr_num is still 4!

进一步阅读