关于Python的格式化字符串,几乎所有接触过Python语言的人都知道其中一种,即使用运算符%,但对于绝大多数初学者来说也仅此而已。
因此,本文将先总结如何通过%运算符来格式化字符串,同时指出这种方式的缺点,然后带你了解Python中另外三种强大的格式化字符串的方式:str.format()、f-string以及模板字符串,并给出在何时选择何种方式的建议。
一、%运算符格式化字符串
1. 如何使用
字符串对象都有一个使用%运算符完成的內置操作,可被用来格式化字符串。最简单的如:
In [11]: name = "Monty Python"
In [12]: "Hello, %s." % name
Out[12]: 'Hello, Monty Python.'
如果想要对一段字符串中插入多个变量进行格式化,则需要使用一个元组将待插入变量包在一起,如:
In [14]: name = "Monty Python"
In [15]: age = 100
In [16]: "Hello, %s. You are %d years old" % (name, age)
Out[16]: 'Hello, Monty Python. You are 100 years old'
2. 缺点概述
使用%运算符的方式来格式化字符串自Python语言诞生之日起就已存在,上述代码看起来也很直观易读,但是当字符串更长,待插入变量更多,则使用%来格式化字符串的可读性将急剧下降,如:
In [23]: first_name = "Eric"
In [24]: last_name = "Idle"
In [25]: age = 100
In [26]: profession = "comedian"
In [27]: affiliation = "Monty Python"
In [28]: "Hello, %s %s. You are %s. You are a %s. You were a member of %s." % (first_name, last_name, age, profession, affiliation)
Out[28]: 'Hello, Eric Idle. You are 100. You are a comedian. You were a member of Monty Python.'
上述使用%格式化字符串不仅冗长,而且容易出错,因为这种方式并不够正确显示元组或者字典。
实际上,在Python官方文档中,对于使用%运算符格式化字符串这种方式的评价也是负面的:
The formatting operations described here exhibit a variety of quirks that lead to a number of common errors (such as failing to display tuples and dictionaries correctly).使用%格式化字符串会产生一系列异常,这些异常将引起一系列常见错误(如:无法正确显示元组和字典)。
Using the newerformatted string literals, the str.format()interface, ortemplate stringsmay help avoid these errors.
使用更新的格式化字符串字面量(f-string:formatted string literals),str.format()接口或者模板字符串(template strings)可以帮助避免这些错误。
Each of these alternatives provides their own trade-offs and benefits of simplicity, flexibility, and/or extensibility.
当然,上述三种可替代的格式化字符串方式也都在简洁、灵活和可扩展方面有所取舍。
二、str.format()格式化字符串
1. 如何使用
str.format()是对使用%实现格式化字符串的一种改进。这种方式使用的语法和普通函数调用相差无几。
使用str.format(),字符串中待替换的域使用{}表示:
In [29]: name = "Eric"
In [30]: age = 100
In [31]: "Hello, {}. You are {}.".format(name, age)
Out[31]: 'Hello, Eric. You are 100.'
也可以通过索引的方式指定format()中哪一个变量和值应该填入哪一个{},如:
In [32]: name = "Eric"
In [33]: age = 100
In [34]: "Hello, {1}. You are {0}.".format(age, name)
Out[34]: 'Hello, Eric. You are 100.'
除了索引,也可以通过在{}中指定名称的方式来实现类似上述功能,如:
In [36]: name = "Eric"
In [37]: age = 100
In [38]: "Hello, {name}. You are {age}.".format(age=age, name=name)
Out[38]: 'Hello, Eric. You are 100.'
基于上面的方式,当待格式化的信息都来自一个字典时,Python中还有如下骚操作:
In [39]: person = {'name': 'Eric', 'age': 100}
In [40]: "Hello, {name}. You are {age}.".format(name=person['name'], age=person['age'])
Out[40]: 'Hello, Eric. You are 100.'
更骚的是,上面的骚操作还能利用字典拆包**进一步简化:
In [41]: person = {'name': 'Eric', 'age': 100}
In [42]: "Hello, {name}. You are {age}.".format(**person)
Out[42]: 'Hello, Eric. You are 100.'
2. 缺点概述
相较于%运算符方式,使用str.format()已经使得格式化字符串语法更加可读,但是当变量增多时,这种方式写出的程序也会显得很冗长:
In [43]: first_name = "Eric"
In [44]: last_name = "Idle"
In [45]: age = 74
In [46]: profession = "comedian"
In [47]: affiliation = "Monty Python"
In [48]: print(("Hello, {first_name} {last_name}. You are {age}. " +
...: "You are a {profession}. You were a member of {affiliation}.") \
...: .format(first_name=first_name, last_name=last_name, age=age, \
...: profession=profession, affiliation=affiliation))
Hello, Eric Idle. You are 74. You are a comedian. You were a member of Monty Python.
三、f-string格式化字符串
在Python 3.6中f-string被引入(具体请见PEP 498),也被称作格式化字符串字面量(formatted string literals)。
f-string是字符串字面量,且其以字母f开头,{}中包含变量或表达式,变量或表达式将在运行(runtime)时通过使用__format__协议被替换成具体的值。
1. 如何使用
简单的f-string格式化字符串如:
In [49]: name = "Eric"
In [50]: age = 100
In [51]: f"Hello, {name}. You are {age}."
Out[51]: 'Hello, Eric. You are 100.'
如前所述,{}中除接受变量外,还接受表达式,如:
In [52]: f"{2 * 37}"
Out[52]: '74'
f-string更强大的地方在于,{}中接受函数调用:
In [53]: def to_lowercase(input):
...: return input.lower()
...:
In [54]: name = "Eric Idle"
In [55]: f"{to_lowercase(name)} is funny."
Out[55]: 'eric idle is funny.'
甚至,你可以对创建于类的对象使用f-string,如:
class Comedian:
def __init__(self, first_name, last_name, age):
self.first_name = first_name
self.last_name = last_name
self.age = age
def __str__(self):
return f"{self.first_name} {self.last_name} is {self.age}."
def __repr__(self):
return f"{self.first_name} {self.last_name} is {self.age}. Surprise!"
def main():
new_comedian = Comedian("Eric", "Idle", "74")
print(f"{new_comedian}")
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
上述代码的输出为:
Eric Idle is 74.
四、Template类格式化字符串
五、参考资料
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