Python 在子类中调用父类方法详解(单继承、多层继承、多重继承)
by:授客 QQ:1033553122
测试环境:
win7 64位
Python版本:Python 3.3.5
代码实践:
1、在子类中通过“类名”调用父类的方法
class FatherA:
def __init__(self):
print("init action in father class A")
class SubClassB(FatherA):
def __init__(self):
print("init action in subclass B")
FatherA.__init__(self) # 在子类中调用父类的方法:父类名.方法名称(参数)
if __name__ == "__main__":
b = SubClassB()
运行结果:
>>> ================================ RESTART ================================
>>>
init action in subclass B
init action in father class A
缺点:当一个子类的父类发生变化时(如类SubClassB的父类由FatherA变为FatherD时),必须遍历整个类定义,把子类中所有的父类类名全部替换过来
2、在子类中通过“super”方法调用父类的方法
场景1、单层继承
class FatherA:
def __init__(self):
print("init action in father class A")
class SubClassB(FatherA):
def __init__(self):
print("init action in father class B")
super().__init__() # 在子类中调用父类的方法:super().方法名称(参数)
if __name__ == "__main__":
b = SubClassB()
class FatherA:
def __init__(self):
print("init action in father class A")
class SubClassB(FatherA):
def __init__(self):
print("init action in subclass B")
super(SubClassB, self).__init__() # 在子类中调用父类的方法:super(type, obj).方法名称(参数)
if __name__ == "__main__":
b = SubClassB()
运行结果:
>>> ================================ RESTART ================================
>>>
init action in father class B
init action in father class A
说明:
1、super(type, obj),其中obj必须是type类型、type子类类型的实例,否则会报错:
TypeError: super(type, obj): obj must be an instance or subtype of type
2、super().__init__() 效果等同 super(SubClassB, self). __init__()
场景2、多层继承
实验1:
class FatherA:
def __init__(self):
print("init action in father class A")
class SubClassB(FatherA):
def __init__(self):
print("init action in subclass B")
super().__init__()
class SubClassC(SubClassB):
def __init__(self):
print("init action in subclass C")
super().__init__()
if __name__ == "__main__":
b = SubClassC()
运行结果:
>>> ================================ RESTART ================================
>>>
init action in subclass C
init action in subclass B
init action in father class A
对比实验1-1:
class FatherA:
def __init__(self):
print("init action in father class A")
class SubClassB(FatherA):
def __init__(self):
print("init action in subclass B")
super().__init__()
class SubClassC(SubClassB):
def __init__(self):
print("init action in subclass C")
super(SubClassB, self).__init__()
if __name__ == "__main__":
b = SubClassC()
运行结果:
>>> ================================ RESTART ================================
>>>
init action in subclass C
init action in father class A
>>>
对比实验1-2:
class FatherA:
def __init__(self):
print("init action in father class A")
class SubClassB(FatherA):
def __init__(self):
print("init action in subclass B")
super().__init__()
class SubClassC(SubClassB):
def __init__(self):
print("init action in subclass C")
super(FatherA, FatherA).__init__(self) # 在子类中调用父类的方法:super(type, type).方法名称(参数)
if __name__ == "__main__":
b = SubClassC()
说明:可把 super(FatherA, FatherA).__init__(self) 换成:
super(FatherA, self).__init__()
或
super(FatherA, SubClassB).__init__(self)
或
super(FatherA, SubClassC).__init__(self)
注意:以上这种情况,必须给__init__传递参数self,否则会报错:
TypeError: __init__() missing 1 required positional argument: "self"
运行结果:
>>> ================================ RESTART ================================
>>>
init action in subclass C
>>>
说明:super(type1, type2) ,type2必须和type1相同类型,或者其子类类型
实验2:
class FatherA:
def __init__(self):
print("init action in father class A")
class SubClassB(FatherA):
def __init__(self):
print("init action in subclass B")
super().__init__()
class SubClassC(SubClassB):
def __init__(self):
print("init action in subclass C")
super().__init__()
class SubClassD(SubClassC):
def __init__(self):
print("init action in subclass D")
super().__init__()
if __name__ == "__main__":
b = SubClassD()
运行结果:
>>> ================================ RESTART ================================
>>>
init action in subclass D
init action in subclass C
init action in subclass B
init action in father class A
对比实验2-1:
class FatherA:
def __init__(self):
print("init action in father class A")
class SubClassB(FatherA):
def __init__(self):
print("init action in subclass B")
super().__init__()
class SubClassC(SubClassB):
def __init__(self):
print("init action in subclass C")
super().__init__()
class SubClassD(SubClassC):
def __init__(self):
print("init action in subclass D")
super(SubClassB, self).__init__()
if __name__ == "__main__":
b = SubClassD()
运行结果:
>>> ================================ RESTART ================================
>>>
init action in subclass D
init action in father class A
>>>
对比实验2-2:
class FatherA:
def __init__(self):
print("init action in father class A")
class SubClassB(FatherA):
def __init__(self):
print("init action in subclass B")
super().__init__()
class SubClassC(SubClassB):
def __init__(self):
print("init action in subclass C")
super().__init__()
class SubClassD(SubClassC):
def __init__(self):
print("init action in subclass D")
super(SubClassC, self).__init__()
if __name__ == "__main__":
b = SubClassD()
运行结果:
>>> ================================ RESTART ================================
>>>
init action in subclass D
init action in subclass B
init action in father class A
通过对比实验2-1, 2-2,可看出super(type[,type2_or_obj]),type决定了super调用方法所在的父类--type的父类(如果有的话),即type决定了前往哪个父类调用指定的方法
场景3、多重继承
实验1:
class FatherA:
def __init__(self):
print("init action in father class A")
class FatherB:
def __init__(self):
print("init action in father class B")
class SubClassC(FatherA, FatherB):
def __init__(self):
print("init action in subclass C")
super(FatherB).__init__()
if __name__ == "__main__":
b = SubClassC()
运行结果:
>>> ================================ RESTART ================================
>>>
init action in subclass C
对比实验1-1:
class FatherA:
def __init__(self):
print("init action in father class A")
class FatherB:
def __init__(self):
print("init action in father class B")
class SubClassC(FatherB, FatherA):
def __init__(self):
print("init action in subclass C")
super().__init__()
if __name__ == "__main__":
b = SubClassC()
运行结果:
>>> ================================ RESTART
================================
>>>
init action in subclass C
init action in father class B
>>>
对比实验1-2:
class FatherA:
def __init__(self):
print("init action in father class A")
class FatherB:
def __init__(self):
print("init action in father class B")
class SubClassC(FatherA, FatherB):
def __init__(self):
print("init action in subclass C")
super().__init__()
if __name__ == "__main__":
b = SubClassC()
运行结果:
>>> ================================ RESTART
================================
>>>
init action in subclass C
init action in father class A
>>>
对比实验1-3:
class FatherA:
def __init__(self):
print("init action in father class A")
class FatherB:
def __init__(self):
print("init action in father class B")
class SubClassC(FatherA, FatherB):
def __init__(self):
print("init action in subclass C")
super(FatherB).__init__()
if __name__ == "__main__":
b = SubClassC()
>>> ================================ RESTART
================================
>>>
init action in subclass C
对比实验1-4:
class FatherA:
def __init__(self):
print("init action in father class A")
def testfn(self, arg):
print("testfn in father class A")
class FatherB:
def __init__(self):
print("init action in father class B")
def testfn(self):
print("testfn in father class B")
class SubClassC(FatherA, FatherB):
def __init__(self):
print("init action in subclass C")
super().testfn()
if __name__ == "__main__":
b = SubClassC()
运行结果:
>>> ================================ RESTART
================================
>>>
init action in subclass C
Traceback (most recent call last):
File
"C:/Users/Administrator/Desktop/1.py", line 21, in
b = SubClassC()
File
"C:/Users/Administrator/Desktop/1.py", line 18, in
__init__
super().testfn()
TypeError: testfn() missing 1 required positional
argument: "arg"
>>>
对比实验1-5:
class FatherA:
def __init__(self):
print("init action in father class A")
def testfn(self):
print("testfn in father class A")
class FatherB:
def __init__(self):
print("init action in father class B")
def testfn(self, arg):
print("testfn in father class B")
class SubClassC(FatherA, FatherB):
def __init__(self):
print("init action in subclass C")
super().testfn()
if __name__ == "__main__":
b = SubClassC()
运行结果:
>>> ================================ RESTART
================================
>>>
init action in subclass C
testfn in father class A
说明:通过对比实验1-1,1-2,1-3,1-4,1-5可以看出,子类水平方向上,继承多个父类,以super().method(参数)方法调用父类的方法,如果不同父类中存在同名方法method(不管参数列表是否相同),则按继承顺序,选择第一个父类中的方法。,如果想要调用多个方法咋办?如下,通过类名调用
class FatherA:
def __init__(self):
print("init action in father class A")
class FatherB:
def __init__(self):
print("init
action in father class B")
class SubClassC(FatherA, FatherB):
def __init__(self):
print("init action in subclass C")
FatherA.__init__(self)
FatherB.__init__(self)
if __name__ == "__main__":
b = SubClassC()
>>> ================================ RESTART
================================
>>>
init action in subclass C
init action in father class A
init action in father class B
>>>