面向对象编程的多态从绑定时间来看,可以分成静态多态和动态多态,也称为编译期多态和运行期多态。
java中overload是静态多态,即根据参数列表进行最佳匹配,在编译阶段决定要具体执行哪个方法。而与之相反,overriden methods则是在run-time进行动态检查。
举例说明:
public class UseAnimals {
public void doStuff(Animal a) {
System.out.println("Animal");
}
public void doStuff(Horse a) {
System.out.println("Horse");
}
}
class Animal{
public void eat()
{
}
}
class Horse extends Animal{
public void eat(String food) {}
}
public class TestUseAnimals {
public static void main(String[] args) {
UseAnimals ua = new UseAnimals();
Animal animalobj = new Animal();
Horse horseobj = new Horse();
Animal animalRefToHorse = new Horse();
ua.doStuff(animalobj);//Animal
ua.doStuff(horseobj);//Horse
ua.doStuff(animalRefToHorse);//Animal
}
}
可以看见UseAnimals里面有两个 doStuff方法,但参数列表不同,属于overload,在编译阶段决定执行哪个方法,毕竟参数是Animal类型还是Horse类型,这些是编译阶段就可以判断的。但引用类型具体执行哪个方法是根据静态编译阶段来决定的。比如ua.doStuff(animalRefToHorse) ,animalRefToHorse在编译阶段是判断Animal类型,所以执行doStuff(Animal a)的方法。
public class UseAnimals {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Animal a =new Animal();
a.eat();
Horse h = new Horse();
h.eat();
Horse ah = new Horse();
ah.eat();
Horse he =new Horse();
he.eat("Apples");
//Animal ah2=new Animal();
//ah2.eat("Carrots"); 编译不能通过
//Animal ah2=new Horse();
//ah2.eat("Carrots"); 编译不能通过
}
}
class Animal{
public void eat()
{
System.out.println("eat");
}
}
class Horse extends Animal{
public void eat(String food)
{
System.out.println("eat"+food);
}
}
而override则是动态多态,执行方法是在run-time决定
public class UseAnimals {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//Animal a=new Animal();编译不能通过
Animal a=new Dog();
Animal b =new Cow();
a.vocalize();//Woof!
b.vocalize();//Moo!
}
}
interface Animal{
void vocalize();
}
class Dog implements Animal{
@Override
public void vocalize() {
System.out.println("Woof!");
}
}
class Cow implements Animal{
@Override
public void vocalize() {
System.out.println("Moo!");
}
}