Top
NSD DBA1 DAY01
1 构建MySQL服务器
1.1 问题
本案例要求熟悉MySQL官方安装包的使用,快速构建一台数据库服务器:
安装MySQL-server、MySQl-client软件包
修改数据库用户root的密码
确认MySQL服务程序运行、root可控
1.2 方案
本课程将使用64位的RHEL 7操作系统,MySQL数据库的版本是5.7.17。
访问http://dev.mysql.com/downloads/mysql/,找到MySQL Community Server下载页面,平台选择“Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7/ Oracle Linux”,然后选择64位的bundle整合包下载,如图-1所示。
图-1
注意:下载MySQL软件时需要以Oracle网站账户登录,如果没有请根据页面提示先注册一个(免费)
1.3 步骤
实现此案例需要按照如下步骤进行。
步骤一:准备工作
1)停止mariadb服务
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl stop mariadb
2)删除/etc/my.cnf配置文件
此配置文件由RHEL自带的mariadb-libs库提供:
[root@localhost ~]# rm -rf /etc/my.cnf
3)删除数据
[root@localhost ~]# rm -rf /var/lib/mysql/*
4)卸载软件包(没有会显示未安装软件包)
[root@localhost ~]# rpm -e --nodeps mariadb-server mariadb
警告:/var/log/mariadb/mariadb.log 已另存为/var/log/mariadb/mariadb.log.rpmsave
步骤二:安装软件包
1)安装mysql时可能会缺少某些依赖包,需提前单独安装
[root@localhost ~]# yum -y install perl-Data-Dumper perl-JSON perl-Time-HiRes
2)物理机传输解压包给虚拟机192.168.4.1
[root@room9pc01 ~]# cd 桌面
[root@room9pc01 桌面]# scp mysql-5.7.17.tar 192.168.4.1:/root/ //给虚拟机传包
root@192.168.4.1's password:
mysql-5.7.17.tar 100% 543MB 95.6MB/s 00:05
3)虚拟机192.168.4.1解压mysql-5.7.17.tar 整合包
[root@localhost ~]# tar -xvf mysql-5.7.17.tar //解压mysql整合包
./mysql-community-client-5.7.17-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
./mysql-community-common-5.7.17-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
./mysql-community-devel-5.7.17-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
./mysql-community-embedded-5.7.17-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
./mysql-community-embedded-compat-5.7.17-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
./mysql-community-embedded-devel-5.7.17-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
./mysql-community-libs-5.7.17-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
./mysql-community-libs-compat-5.7.17-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
./mysql-community-minimal-debuginfo-5.7.17-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
./mysql-community-server-5.7.17-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
./mysql-community-test-5.7.17-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
步骤三:启动MySQL数据库服务并设置开机自启
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl start mysqld //启动mysql服务
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl enable mysqld //设置开机自启
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl status mysqld //查看mysql服务状态
● mysqld.service - MySQL Server
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/mysqld.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled)
Active: active (running) since 二 2018-08-28 10:03:24 CST; 8min ago
Docs: man:mysqld(8)
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/en/using-systemd.html
Main PID: 4284 (mysqld)
CGroup: /system.slice/mysqld.service
└─4284/usr/sbin/mysqld --daemonize --pid-file=/var/r...
8月 28 10:02:56 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Starting MySQ...
8月 28 10:03:24 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Started MySQL...
Hint: Some lines were ellipsized, use -l to show in full.
步骤四:连接MySQL服务器,修改密码
查看随机生成的root管理密码
[root@localhost ~]#grep 'temporary password' /var/log/mysqld.log
2017-04-01T18:10:42.948679Z 1 [Note] A temporary password is generated for root@localhost: mtoa>AvAv
2)使用客户端命令mysql连接到MySQL服务器
提示验证时,填入前一步获得的随机密码,验证成功后即可进入“mysql> ”环境:
[root@localhost ~]# mysql -u root -p'mtoa>Av
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 11
Server version: 5.7.17
Copyright (c) 2000, 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
mysql> //登录成功后,进入SQL操作环境
用该密码登录到服务端后,必须马上修改密码,不然会报如下错误:
mysql> show databases;
ERROR 1820 (HY000): You must reset your password using ALTER USER statement before executing this statement.
3)执行SET PASSWORD命令修改密码
这个其实与validate_password_policy的值有关,默认为1,所以刚开始设置的密码必须符合长度,且必须含有数字,小写或大写字母,特殊字符。如果我们不希望密码设置的那么复杂,需要修改两个全局参数:validate_password_policy与validate_password_length。validate_password_length默认值为8,最小值为4,如果你显性指定validate_password_length的值小于4,尽管不会报错,但validate_password_length的值将设为4。
可参考下列指令:
mysql>set global validate_password_policy=0; //只验证长度
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql>set global validate_password_length=6; //修改密码长度,默认值是8个字符
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> alter user user() identified by "123456"; //修改登陆密码
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
上述操作的结果是——更改数据库用户root从本机访问时的密码,设为123456。
退出“mysql> ”环境,重新登录验证,必须采用新的密码才能登入:
mysql> exit //退出 mysql> 环境
Bye
[root@localhost ~]# mysql -u root -p //重新登录
Enter password: //输入新设置的密码
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 15
Server version: 5.7.17 MySQL Community Server (GPL)
Copyright (c) 2000, 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
2 数据库基本管理
2.1 问题
本案例要求熟悉MySQL的连接及数据库表的增删改查等基本管理操作,主要完成以下几个方便的操作:
使用mysql命令连接数据库
练习查看/删除/创建库的相关操作
练习查看/删除/创建表的相关操作,表数据参考如表-1所示内容
表-1 测试用表数据
2.2 步骤
实现此案例需要按照如下步骤进行。
步骤一:使用mysql命令连接数据库
连接MySQL服务器时,最基本的用法是通过 -u 选项指定用户名、-p指定密码。密码可以写在命令行(如果不写,则出现交互,要求用户输入),当然基于安全考虑一般不推荐这么做:
[root@dbsvr1 ~]# mysql -uroot -p123456 //紧挨着选项,不要空格
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 16
Server version: 5.7.17 MySQL Community Server (GPL)
Copyright (c) 2000, 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
mysql> exit //退出已登录的mysql> 环境
Bye
默认情况下,msyql命令会连接本机的MySQL服务。但在需要的时候,可以通过 -h 选项指定远程主机;
[root@dbsvr1 ~]# mysql -h 127.0.0.1 –u root –p
Enter password:
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 17
Server version: 5.7.17 MySQL Community Server (GPL)
Copyright (c) 2000, 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
mysql> exit //退出已登录的mysql环境
Bye
步骤二:练习查看/删除/创建库的相关操作
以root用户登入“mysql> ”环境后,可以执行各种MySQL指令、SQL指令。基本的用法事项如下:
操作指令不区分大小写(库名/表名、密码、变量值等除外)。
每条SQL指令以 ; 结束或分隔。
不支持 Tab 键自动补齐。
\c 可废弃当前编写错的操作指令。
1)查看现有的库
mysql> show databases; //查看现有的库
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema | //信息概要库
| mysql | //授权库
| performance_schema | //性能结构库
| sys | //系统元数据库
+--------------------+
4 rows in set (0.15 sec)
2)切换/使用指定的库
mysql> use sys; //切换到sys库
Database changed
mysql> select database(); //确认当前所在的库
+------------+
| DATABASE() |
+------------+
| sys |
+------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
切换到mysql库:
mysql> use mysql; //切换到mysql库
Reading table information for completion of table and column names
You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A
Database changed
mysql> select database(); //确认当前所在的库
+------------+
| DATABASE() |
+------------+
| mysql |
+------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
3)新建名为newdb的库,确认结果:
mysql> create database newdb; //新建名为newdb的库
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mydb | //新建的mydb库
| mysql |
| newdb | //新建的newdb库
| performance_schema |
| sys |
+--------------------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
4)删除指定的库
mysql> drop database newdb; //删除名为newdb的库
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> show databases; //确认删除结果,已无newdb库
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mydb |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| sys |
+--------------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
步骤三:练习查看/删除/创建表的相关操作
1)查看指定的库里有哪些表
查看mysql库里有哪些表:
mysql> use mysql;
Reading table information for completion of table and column names
You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A
Database changed
mysql> show tables;
+---------------------------+
| Tables_in_mysql |
+---------------------------+
| columns_priv |
| db |
| engine_cost |
| event |
| func |
| general_log |
| gtid_executed |
| help_category |
| help_keyword |
| help_relation |
| help_topic |
| innodb_index_stats |
| innodb_table_stats |
| ndb_binlog_index |
| plugin |
| proc |
| procs_priv |
| proxies_priv |
| server_cost |
| servers |
| slave_master_info |
| slave_relay_log_info |
| slave_worker_info |
| slow_log |
| tables_priv |
| time_zone |
| time_zone_leap_second |
| time_zone_name |
| time_zone_transition |
| time_zone_transition_type |
| user | //存放数据库用户的表
+---------------------------+
31 rows in set (0.00 sec)
2)查看指定表的字段结构
当前库为mysql,查看columns_priv表的结构,以列表形式展现:
mysql> desc columns_priv\G //查看表结构,以列表形式展现,末尾不用分号
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Field: Host
Type: char(60)
Null: NO
Key: PRI
Default:
Extra:
*************************** 2. row ***************************
Field: Db
Type: char(64)
Null: NO
Key: PRI
Default:
Extra:
*************************** 3. row ***************************
Field: User
Type: char(32)
Null: NO
Key: PRI
Default:
Extra:
*************************** 4. row ***************************
Field: Table_name
Type: char(64)
Null: NO
Key: PRI
Default:
Extra:
*************************** 5. row ***************************
Field: Column_name
Type: char(64)
Null: NO
Key: PRI
Default:
Extra:
*************************** 6. row ***************************
Field: Timestamp
Type: timestamp
Null: NO
Key:
Default: CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
Extra: on update CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
*************************** 7. row ***************************
Field: Column_priv
Type: set('Select','Insert','Update','References')
Null: NO
Key:
Default:
Extra:
7 rows in set (0.01 sec)
查看columns_priv表的结构,以表格形式展现:
mysql> desc columns_priv; //查看表结构,以表格形式展现末尾需要有分号
+-------------+----------------------------------------------+------+-----+-------------------+-----------------------------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------------+----------------------------------------------+------+-----+-------------------+-----------------------------+
| Host | char(60) | NO | PRI | | |
| Db | char(64) | NO | PRI | | |
| User | char(32) | NO | PRI | | |
| Table_name | char(64) | NO | PRI | | |
| Column_name | char(64) | NO | PRI | | |
| Timestamp | timestamp | NO | | CURRENT_TIMESTAMP | on update CURRENT_TIMESTAMP |
| Column_priv | set('Select','Insert','Update','References') | NO | | | |
+-------------+----------------------------------------------+------+-----+-------------------+-----------------------------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
上述操作中,当引用非当前库中的表时,可以用“库名.表名”的形式。比如,切换为mysql库再执行“desc columns_priv;”,与以下操作的效果是相同的:
mysql> desc mysql.columns_priv;
+-------------+----------------------------------------------+------+-----+-------------------+-----------------------------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------------+----------------------------------------------+------+-----+-------------------+-----------------------------+
| Host | char(60) | NO | PRI | | |
| Db | char(64) | NO | PRI | | |
| User | char(16) | NO | PRI | | |
| Table_name | char(64) | NO | PRI | | |
| Column_name | char(64) | NO | PRI | | |
| Timestamp | timestamp | NO | | CURRENT_TIMESTAMP | on update CURRENT_TIMESTAMP |
| Column_priv | set('Select','Insert','Update','References') | NO | | | |
+-------------+----------------------------------------------+------+-----+-------------------+-----------------------------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
3)在test库中创建一个名为pwlist的表
包括name、password两列,其中name列作为主键。两个字段值均不允许为空,其中密码列赋予默认空值,相关操作如下所述。
切换到mydb库:
mysql> use mydb;
Database changed
新建pwlist表:
mysql> create table pwlist(
-> name char(16) not null,
-> password char(48)default '',
-> primary key(name)
-> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.38 sec)
确认新创建的表:
mysql> show tables;
+----------------+
| Tables_in_mydb |
+----------------+
| pwlist | //新建的pwlist表
+----------------+
1 rows in set (0.01 sec)
查看pwlist表的字段结构:
mysql> desc pwlist;
+----------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+----------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| name | char(16) | NO | PRI | NULL | |
| password | char(48) | YES | | | |
+----------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
2 rows in set (0.01 sec)
4)删除指定的表
删除当前库中的pwlist表:
mysql> drop table pwlist;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
确认删除结果:
mysql> show tables;
Empty set (0.00 sec)
5)在mydb库中创建一个学员表
表格结构及数据内容如表-1所示。
在MySQL表内存储中文数据时,需要更改字符集(默认为latin1不支持中文),以便MySQL支持存储中文数据记录;比如,可以在创建库或表的时候,手动添加“DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8”来更改字符集。
根据上述表格结构,创建支持中文的student表:
mysql> CREATE TABLE mydb.student(
-> 学号 char(9) NOT NULL,
-> 姓名 varchar(4) NOT NULL,
-> 性别 enum('男','女') NOT NULL,
-> 手机号 char(11) DEFAULT '',
-> 通信地址 varchar(64),
-> PRIMARY KEY(学号)
-> ) DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8; //手工指定字符集,采用utf8
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.31sec)
查看student表的字段结构:
mysql> DESC mydb.student;
+--------------+-------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+--------------+-------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| 学号 | char(9) | NO | PRI | NULL | |
| 姓名 | varchar(4) | NO | | NULL | |
| 性别 | enum('男','女') | NO | | NULL | |
| 手机号 | char(11) | YES | | | |
| 通信地址 | varchar(64) | YES | | NULL | |
+--------------+-------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
查看student表的实际创建指令:
mysql> SHOW CREATE TABLE mydb.student;
+---------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|Table |Create Table |
+---------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| student | CREATE TABLE `student` (
`学号` char(9) NOT NULL,
`姓名` varchar(4) NOT NULL,
`性别` enum('男','女') NOT NULL,
`手机号` char(11) DEFAULT '',
`通信地址` varchar(64) DEFAULT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`学号`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 |
+---------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
注意:若要修改MySQL服务的默认字符集,可以更改服务器的my.cnf配置文件,添加character_set_server=utf8 配置,然后重启数据库服务。
[root@dbsvr1 ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf //修改运行服务配置
[mysqld]
.. ..
character_set_server=utf8
[root@dbsvr1 ~]# systemctl restart mysqld //重启服务
.. ..
[root@dbsvr1 ~]# mysql –u root -p
Enter password:
.. ..
mysql> SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'character%'; //确认更改结果
+--------------------------+----------------------------+
| Variable_name | Value |
+--------------------------+----------------------------+
| character_set_client | utf8 |
| character_set_connection | utf8 |
| character_set_database | utf8 |
| character_set_filesystem | binary |
| character_set_results | utf8 |
| character_set_server | utf8 |
| character_set_system | utf8 |
| character_sets_dir | /usr/share/mysql/charsets/ |
+--------------------------+----------------------------+
8 rows in set (0.03 sec)
3 MySQL 数据类型
3.1 问题
本案例要求熟悉MySQL的字段数据类型、表结构,各种时间函数的使用的使用,完成以下任务操作:
在studb库里创建stuinfo表,表结构、字段类型自定义
表结构自定义,并合理使用数据类型
练习各种时间函数的使用
3.2 步骤
实现此案例需要按照如下步骤进行。
步骤一:创建studb库、stuinfo表
1)新建studb库,并切换到studb库
mysql> CREATE DATABASE studb;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> USE studb;
Database changed
2)新建stuinfo表
假定stuinfo表用来记录每个家庭成员的姓名(name)、性别(gender)、出生日期(birth)、职业(job)、与户主关系(relation)。
mysql> CREATE TABLE stuinfo (
-> name varchar(16) NOT NULL,
-> gender enum('male','femal') DEFAULT 'male',
-> birth date NOT NULL,
-> job varchar(16) DEFAULT '',
-> relation varchar(24) NOT NULL,
-> PRIMARY KEY(name)
-> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.61sec)
查看stuinfo表的字段结构:
mysql> DESC stuinfo;
+----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| name | varchar(16) | NO | PRI | NULL | |
| gender | enum('male','femal') | YES | | male | |
| birth | date | NO | | NULL | |
| job | varchar(16) | YES | | | |
| relation | varchar(24) | NO | | NULL | |
+----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
步骤二:练习各种时间函数的使用
1)使用now()查看当前的日期和时间
mysql> SELECT now();
+---------------------+
| now() |
+---------------------+
| 2017-04-02 04:02:42 |
+---------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
2)使用sysdate()查看系统日期和时间
mysql> SELECT sysdate();
+---------------------+
| sysdate() |
+---------------------+
| 2017-04-02 04:03:21 |
+---------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
3)使用curdate()获得当前的日期,不含时间
mysql> SELECT curdate();
+------------+
| curdate() |
+------------+
| 2017-04-02 |
+------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
4)使用curtime()获得当前的时间,不含日期
mysql> SELECT curtime();
+-----------+
| curtime() |
+-----------+
| 04:04:55 |
+-----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
5)分别获取当前日期时间中的年份、月份、日
mysql> SELECT year(now()),month(now()),day(now());
+-------------+--------------+------------+
| year(now()) | month(now()) | day(now()) |
+-------------+--------------+------------+
| 2017 | 4 | 2 |
+-------------+--------------+------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
6)获取系统日期时间中的月份、日
mysql> SELECT month(sysdate()),day(sysdate());
+------------------+----------------+
| month(sysdate()) | day(sysdate()) |
+------------------+----------------+
| 4 | 2 |
+------------------+----------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
7)获取系统日期时间中的时刻
mysql> SELECT time(sysdate());
+-----------------+
| time(sysdate()) |
+-----------------+
| 04:06:08 |
+-----------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)