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可视化tanh函数的高阶导数

< Buff行情>

>>> import numpy as np

>>> import numdifftools as nd

>>> import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

>>> x = np.linspace(-2, 2, 100)

>>> for i in range(10):

... df = nd.Derivative(np.tanh, n=i)

... y = df(x)

... h = plt.plot(x, y/np.abs(y).max())

plt.show()

在x==1时，计算exp(x)的第一和第二导数：>>> fd = nd.Derivative(np.exp) # 1'st derivative

>>> fdd = nd.Derivative(np.exp, n=2) # 2'nd derivative

>>> np.allclose(fd(1), 2.7182818284590424)

True

>>> np.allclose(fdd(1), 2.7182818284590424)

True

非线性最小二乘：>>> xdata = np.reshape(np.arange(0,1,0.1),(-1,1))

>>> ydata = 1+2*np.exp(0.75*xdata)

>>> fun = lambda c: (c[0]+c[1]*np.exp(c[2]*xdata) - ydata)**2

>>> Jfun = nd.Jacobian(fun)

>>> np.allclose(np.abs(Jfun([1,2,0.75])), 0) # should be numerically zero

True

求和梯度(x**2)：>>> fun = lambda x: np.sum(x**2)

>>> dfun = nd.Gradient(fun)

>>> np.allclose(dfun([1,2,3]), [ 2., 4., 6.])

True

使用易于使用的algopy接口进行计算：>>> import numdifftools.nd_algopy as nda

>>> import numpy as np

>>> fd = nda.Derivative(np.exp) # 1'st derivative

>>> fdd = nda.Derivative(np.exp, n=2) # 2'nd derivative

>>> np.allclose(fd(1), 2.7182818284590424)

True

>>> np.allclose(fdd(1), 2.7182818284590424)

True

非线性最小二乘：>>> xdata = np.reshape(np.arange(0,1,0.1),(-1,1))

>>> ydata = 1+2*np.exp(0.75*xdata)

>>> fun = lambda c: (c[0]+c[1]*np.exp(c[2]*xdata) - ydata)**2

>>> Jfun = nda.Jacobian(fun, method='reverse')

>>> np.allclose(np.abs(Jfun([1,2,0.75])), 0) # should be numerically zero

True

求和梯度(x**2)：>>> fun = lambda x: np.sum(x**2)

>>> dfun = nda.Gradient(fun)

>>> np.allclose(dfun([1,2,3]), [ 2., 4., 6.])

True

另请参见

scipy.misc.导数