- 定语从句:
who, which引导的定语从句 在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。它的作用相当于一个形容词。
定语从句通常位于它所修饰的名词或代词之后，这一名词或代词叫先行词，引导定语从句的关联词为关系代词（副词）。这里主要介绍关系代词who与which的用法。 关系代词who（whom）和which均可引导定语从句，who用来指人，而which指物，在从句中充当主语或宾语。请看例句：
We shall never forget Mr Li who taught us English in the middle school. 我们永远不会忘记中学时教我们英语的李老师。(who在从句中作主语)
The man who(m) you saw last week has left the town. 上周你看见的那个人已离开这个城镇了。（whom也可用who, 在从句中作saw的宾语）
【温馨提示】 关系代词在从句中作宾语时，常可省略。
如： He told a story which moved us deeply. 他讲了一个使我们深受感动的故事。（which在从句中作主语）
This is a reason which we must not forget. 这是我们不能忘记的一个原因。（which在从句中作宾语）
需要指出的是关系代词which和that都可指物，一般情况下可以互换。
如： The house which / that you lived in is a very old building. 你住的那个房子是座古老的建筑。
但在下列情况中，通常用which, 不用that。 当先行词有指示代词修饰时。
如： The lady did not want that one which smelt terrible. 那位夫人不要气味难闻的那个。
当关系代词前有介词时。如： The room in which my family live used to be a garage.我家住的房间以前是个车库。
当先行词本身为that时。如： That which you told him about is what we want to know. 你告诉他的正是我们想知道的。
2. 同位语从句:
在复合句中充当同位语的名词性从句称为同位语从句。
一 同位语从句的位置
1 同位语从句常跟在某些抽象名词（如idea, news, fact, promise, hope, message等）后面。如
The news that our women volleyball team had won the championship encouraged us all greatly.
我们女排赢得冠军的消息大大地鼓舞了我们所有人。
2有时同位语从句不紧跟在它所修饰的名词后，而被别的词隔开，在语法上叫做分隔式同位语从句。如
The thought came to her that maybe she had left the
door open whenshe left home. 她突然想起可能在她离开家时没把门关上。
二 同位语从句前面的名词通常用单数，且往往带有限定词加以修饰（word除外)。如：
Where did you get the idea that I could not come?
你在哪儿听说我不能来？
Word came that China launched its first manned spaceship on Oct 15, 2003.消息传来，中国于2003年10月15日首次成功发射了载人宇宙飞船。
三 同位语从句连接词有that, who, whether, how, when, where等
They were all very much worried over the fact that you were sick.
对你生病这件事，他们都很担心。
注意：名词doubt“怀疑”后面的同位语从句用whether连接；在no doubt “不怀疑”后的同位语从句用that连接。如
We have some doubt whether they can complete the task on time.
我们怀疑他们是否准时完成任务。
There is no doubt that Zhang Wei will keep his promise.
我们相信张伟会遵守诺言的。
1 以下名词常用that引导
advice, announcement, argument, belief, claim, conclusion, decision, evidence, explanation, fact, feeling, hope, idea, impression, information, knowledge, message, news,opinion, order, probability, promise, proposal, remark, reply, report, reason, saying, statement, suggestion, thought, treat, warning, wish, word,
2 Whether可以引导同位语从句，不能引导定语从句
He hasn’t made the decision whether he will go there.
他还没有决定是否去那里。
3 What可以引导同位语从句，不能引导定语从句
I have no idea what he is doing now.我不知道他现在在干什么。
4 how可以引导同位语从句，不能引导定语从句
It’s a question how he did it. 他如何做了此事，那是一个问题。
5 who,whom，which, when, where, why都可以引导同位语从句
She raised the question where we could get the fund.她提出这个问题：我们到哪儿能获得这笔奖金。
四 同位语从句中的语气
在suggestion, advice, request, order等意为“建议，命令，要求”的名词后，同位语从句中的谓语动词常用“should+动词原形”的虚拟语气，should可以省略。如
Our teacher gave us some advice how we (should) use the computer. 老师给我们提出了一些任何使用电脑的建议。
五 同位语从句和定语从句的区别
1同位语从句和先行词是同等的关系；而定语从句是修饰先行词。
2 that在同位语从句中无词义，不充当句子成分；而在定语从句中充当主语宾语等句子成分。
3 whether, how, what可以引导同位语从句，不能引导定语从句.
4 who, whom, which, when,where,why用来引导可以引导同位语从句，保持原来疑问词的含义，而他们引导定语从句时，不具有疑问词的含义。
习题
1 There is much chance ____ Bill will recover from his injury for the race. A that B. which C. until D. if
答案 A 比尔的伤将恢复并能及时参加比赛的可能性很大。
2 Nobody believed his reason for being absent from the class ______ he had to meet his uncle in the airport.
A why B. that C where D. because
答案 B 他没来上课，因为他到机场接他叔叔，这个理由没人相信。
先行词是reason。
3 Some researchers believe that there is no doubt ______ a cure for AIDS will be found.
A which B. that C. what D. whether
答案B 一些研究者认为， 毫无疑问将会找到医疗艾滋病的方法。
4 We should consider the students’request _____ the school library provide more books on popular science.
A that B. when C. which D. where
答案 A 我们应该考虑学生的要求，即学校图书馆应该多提供一些大众科学方面的书籍。
5 There’s little doubt _____ our team will beat yours.
A which B. whether C. if D. that
答案 D 几乎可以肯定，我们队会战胜你们队。
6 Do you have any idea ______ his cousin will go abroad for further study or not?
Ａ that B if C. whether D. why
答案 C 你知道他表弟是否去国外深造？
7 Information has been put forward ______ more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities.
答案 B 更多中学毕业生将被大学录取，这一消息已被放出。
8 -It’s thirty years since we last meet.
-But I still remember the story, believe it or not, ______ we get lost on a rainy night.
A whose B. that C what D. when
答案 B “三十多年没见面了。”
“信不信由你，但是我依然记得我们在雨夜迷路的事。”先行词是story。
3. 宾语从句:
一.宾语从句的定义 置于动词、介词等词性后面起宾语作用的从句叫宾语从句。宾语从句的语序必须是陈述语序。谓语动词、介词、动词不定式，v.-ing形式后面都能带宾语从句。有些形容词（afraid,sure,glad等）之后也可以带宾语从句。
二.宾语从句中引导词的用法 在复合句中作主句的宾语，引导词有： 连词：that (that 常可省略),whether, if 代词：who, whose, what ,which 副词：when ,where, how, why 等。
（一）that引导的宾语从句（在非正式场合that可以省略） 可跟that从句做宾语的动词有：
say, think, insist, wish, hope, demand, imagine, wonder, know,
suppose, see, believe, agree, admit, deny, expect, explain, order, command, feel, dream, suggest, hear, mean, notice, prefer, request, require, propose, declare, report等。 例句：The boy believes that he will travel through space to other planets. 注意事项：当主句谓语动词是 think, believe, suppose, expect 等词，而宾语从句的意思是否定时，常把否定转移至主句表示。 例句：I don’t think it is right for him to treat you like that. 在以下情况中that不能省略
1. 当句中的动词后接多于两个由that引导的宾语从句时，第一个that可省，但后面的that不可省。 例句：He said (that) you were too young to understand the matter and that he was asked not to tell you.
2. 当主句的谓语动词与that宾语从句之间有插入语时，that一般不可省。 例句：Just then I noticed, for the first time, that our master was wearing his fine green coat and his black silk cap.
3. 当that从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时，that不可省。 例句：I can’t tell him that his mother died.
注意事项：许多带复合宾语的句子，that引导的宾语从句经常移到句子后部，而用it作形式宾语。
例句：I find it necessary that we should do the homework on time.
（二）由whether,if 引导的宾语从句 由whether(if)引导的宾语从句，实际上是一般疑问句演变而来的。意思是“是否”。宾语从句要用陈述句语序。一般说来，在宾语从句中whether与if可以互换使用，但在特殊情况下if与whether是不能互换的。 例句：I wonder whether(if) they will come to our party. 只能用whether，不能用if引导的宾语从句
1. 在带to的不定式前
例句：We decided whether to walk there.
2. 在介词的后面 例句：I’m thinking of whether we should go to see the film.
3. 在动词后面的宾语从句时 例句：We discussed whether we had a sports meeting next week
4. 直接与or not连用时 例句：I can’t say whether or not thet can come on time. 只能用if不能用whether引导的宾语从句 1. if引导条件状语从句，意为“如果” 例句：The students will go on a picnic if it is sunny. 2. if引导否定概念的宾语从句时 例句：He asked if I didn’t come to school yesterday. 3. 引导状语从句even if（即使）和as if（好象）时 例句：He talks as if he has known all about it.
（三）连接代词和连接副词引导的宾语从句 这样的宾语从句实际上是由特殊疑问句变化而来的，宾语从句要用陈述句语序。用于这种结构的动词常常是：see, say, tell, ask, answer, know, decide, show, find out, imagine, suggest, doubt, wonder, discover, understand, inform, advise等。 英语中的连接代词有：who,whom,whose,which,what,在句中担任主语、宾语、定语或者表语。 例句：Can you tell me whom you are waiting for? 英语中的连接副词有：when,where,why,how，在句中担任状语的成分。 例句：None of us knows where these new parts can be bought.
三.宾语从句的语序 宾语从句的语序是陈述句语序即：连接代词/副词+主语+谓语+其他成分。例句如下：
1. I don’t know what they are looking for.
2. Could you tell me when the train will leave?
3. Can you imagine what kind of man he is?
四.宾语从句的时态
1. 主句是一般现在时，从句根据实际情况使用任何时态。
例句：The headmaster hopes everything goes well.
2. 主句是过去时态，从句须用过去时态的某种形式。 例句：She was sorry that she hadn’t finished her work on time.
3. 当宾语从句表示的是一个客观真理或者事实时，即使主句是过去时，从句也用一般现在时态。 例句：The teacher told his class that light travels faster than sound.
五.宾语从句的特点
1. 宾语从句可以作及物动词、介词及形容词的宾语。
2. 宾语从句的语序一律用陈述句语序。
3. 连接词that引导宾语从句在句中无词义，不充当句子成份，多数情况下可以省略。
4. whether 和 if 都可引导宾语从句，但 whether后可紧跟or not；whether从句可作介词的宾语。
5. 如果从句太长，可以用形式宾语it.
主语从句
主语从句，即在复合句中充当主语成分的句子，例如"That he finished writing the composition in such a short time surprised us all"，他在很短的时间内写完作文让我们都很惊讶，此复合句主要描述的是某事让我们惊讶，某事就是该复合句的主语，因此“That he finished writing the composition in such a short time”便是该复合句的主语从句。
引导主语从句的连词主要有：
从属连词：that whether
连接代词：who whoever whom whose what whatever which whichever
连接副词：when where how why whenever wherever however
第一部分
主语从句的时态不受主句时态的影响和限制
（1）That he finished writing the composition in such a short time surprised us all.
他在如此短的时间内写完作文使我们十分惊讶。
（2）Whether we will go for an outing tomorrow remains unknown.
我们明天是否会去郊游仍旧未知。
（3）Who will be our monitor hasn't been decided yet.
现在还没有决定谁会成为我们的班长。
（4）Whom we must study for is a question of great importance.
“我们为谁而学习”是个很重要的问题。
（5）What caused the accident remains unknown.
事故的起因是未知的。
（6）Whatever you did is right.
你做的任何事都是正确的。
（7）Whom the watch belongs to is unknown.
手表的归属是未知的。
（8）What we need is time.
我们需要的是时间。
（9）What we need are good doctors.
我们需要的是好的医生。
小结
（1）引导主语从句连词有that,whether,who,what,whatever等
（2）连词位于句首不能省略
（3）主语从句大多数情况下视为第三人称单数，但也有例外，如例（9）
第二部分
为了防止句子头重脚轻，通常把形式主语it放在句首位置，真正主语搁置于句末
（1）It is certain that he will win the match.
他一定会赢得这场比赛的。
（2）It is true that he has made a very important discovery in chemistry.
他的确在化学领域有了一个伟大的发现。
（3）It is very likely that they will hold a meeting.
他们很有可能会举行一场会议。
（4）It is strange that he should do that.
他竟然那样做是很奇怪的。
（5）It is important that we all should attend the meeting.
重要的是我们都应该参加会议。
（6）It is strange that the man should have stuck to his silly ideas.
真奇怪，这个人竟然坚持自己愚蠢的想法。
（7）It is a pity that we won't be able to go to the south to spend our summer vacation.
真遗憾我们不能去南方度过我们的暑假。
（8）It is still a mystery what caused the accident.
造成事故的原因仍旧是个秘密。
（9）It is said that he has gone to shanghai.(=He is said to have gone to shanghai)
据说他已经去上海了。
（10）It is known to all that the gun powder was first invented by the Chinese.
所有人都知道火药最初是由中国人发明的。
（11）It is suggested that the work should be done with great care.
建议工作应该被小心地被完成。
（12）It happened that the two cheats were there. (=The two cheats happened to be there)
两个骗子碰巧在那里。
小结:
（1）为避免头重脚轻，常以形式主语it引导从句。 It+形式主语谓语+从句。
例：It is known that... It is shown that...
（2）由于主语从句一般被认为是单数形式，形式主语的谓语动词、be动词+表语 均为单数第三人称形式或过去式.
用法
编辑
主语从句与宾语从句两者的用法和在句中的作用是不同的，下面从它们的各自用法来介绍。
一．主语从句
主语从句 定义：在句子中担当主语的是一个从句，这个从句就叫做主语从句。
主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。
1. It 作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较
①主语从句常用it作形式主语，一般常用句型为：It is+{名词/形容词/过去分词}+主语从句例如：
It is still a question whether she will come or not.
It is strange that you should like him.
It is still unknown which team will win the match.
另外，还有一些比较多见的结构：
It turned out that……;
It has been proved that……;
It happened/occurred that……;
It is well-known that……等等
②而强调句则不同，它的结构是：It+be+被强调部分+that+从句
强调主语：It is the times that produce their heroes.时势造英雄
强调宾语：It is English that Prof.Lin teaches us.
强调状语：It was in shanghai that I saw the film.
判断是否是强调句有一个方法，就是将that以后的“句子的其余部分”拿出来单独看，看有没有缺成分，缺的是什么成分，再把谓语动词后面that前面的那部分，带到你认为缺成分的地方，如果放进去是一句完整的句子了，那就说明是强调句。
2. 用it 作形式主语的结构
(1) It is +名词+that从句
It is a fact that … 事实是……
It is an honor that …非常荣幸
It is common knowledge that …是常识
(2) it is +形容词+that从句
It is natural that… 很自然……
It is strange that… 奇怪的是……
(3) it +不及物动词+that从句
It seems that… 似乎……
It happened that… 碰巧……
(4) it is+过去分词+that从句
It is reported that… 据报道……
It has been proved that… 已证实……
3.主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况
(1) if引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。
(2) It is said , (reported) …结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：
It is said that President Jingo will visit our school next week.
(3) It happens…, It occurs… 结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：
It occurred to him that he failed in the examination.
(4) It doesn’t matter how/whether …结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：
It doesn’t matter whether he is wrong or not..
(5) 含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前。例如：
Is it likely that it will rain in the evening?
4. What 与that 在引导主语从句时的区别
What 引导主语从句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语．宾语．表语，而that 则不然。例如：
What you said yesterday is right.
1、引导词：what\which\whose\when\whether\if\where
2语序：宾语从句必须是用陈述语句。（名词性从句都是陈述语序）
如：I think that you must work harder.
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