c语言什么是栈,15分钟看懂C语言的栈

开始当然得要点汇编知识了

arm寄存器的两种名字

@ r0-r3 a1-a4

@ r4-r9 v1-v7

@ r10 sl

@ r11 fp

@ r12 ip

@ r13 sp

@ r14 lr

@ r15 pc

基本指令(没有什么深奥的知识，看注释秒懂)

mov r0, r1 @ r0 = r1

mov r0, #13 @ 数字还是存在于32位中,不可能很长,这时可以用伪指令

ldr r0, =1234 @ 1234存入r0

ldr r1, =0x2000000

ldr r0, [r1] @ r1所指向的地址中的内容存入r0

str r0, [r1] @ r0的值存入r1所指向的地址中去

ldr r2, str

ldr r3, str1

ldr r2, =str @ 不是r2 = 77777,而是r2 = 存放77777的地址(链接时确定的)

add r0, r1, r0 @ r0 = r1 + r0

sub r0, r1, r0 @ r0 = r1 - r0

str:

.word 77777 @ 4 Byte

str1:

.word 88888

重点来了，循序渐进介绍一下栈为何会这么做的

@ 0. apcs:fn调用完pc从lr里取回,注意arm有3级流水线

mov lr, pc

ldr pc, show

mov pc, lr

show:

.word 0x33f94aa8

@ 但这么做,如果之前还有函数调用,也势必要使用lr寄存器,lr所保存的值就被覆盖了

@ 1. 把前函数的lr的值放在内存中

ldr r5, =0x20000000

str lr, [r5]

mov lr, pc

ldr pc, show

ldr lr, [r5]

mov pc, lr

show:

.word 0x33f94aa8

@ 但这么做,如果r5在show函数中被使用,则出错

@ apcs中规定r0-r3一定被破坏,r4-r9(v1-v7)调用前后需保持一致,然而此时也没保证r5的值调用前后一致

@ 2. 于是乎有了堆栈

sub sp, sp, #4

str lr, [sp]

ldr r0, =fmt

mov lr, pc

ldr pc, show

ldr lr, [sp]

add sp, sp, #4

mov pc, lr

show:

.word 0x33f94aa8

fmt:

.asciz "hello world.\n" @ .ascii "hello world.\n\0"

@ 函数嵌套就挺麻烦,于是想到把sp也存入栈中

@ 3. ip(r12)存当前sp且也存入栈中

mov ip, sp

sub sp, sp, #8

str lr, [sp]

str ip, [sp, #4]

ldr r0, =fmt

mov lr, pc

ldr pc, show

mov sp, #555 @ sp的修改还是影响后续

ldr lr, [sp]

ldr ip, [sp, #4]

mov sp, ip

mov pc, lr

show:

.word 0x33f94aa8

fmt:

.asciz "hello world.\n" @ .ascii "hello world.\n\0"

@ 4. fp(r11) 当下的frame pointer也需要保存

mov ip, sp

sub sp, sp, #12

str lr, [sp]

str ip, [sp, #4]

str fp, [sp, #8]

sub fp, ip, #4

ldr r0, =fmt

mov lr, pc

ldr pc, show

mov sp, #555

ldr lr, [fp, #-8]

ldr ip, [fp, #-4]

ldr fp, [fp, #0]

mov sp, ip

mov pc, lr

show:

.word 0x33f94aa8

fmt:

.asciz "hello world.\n" @ .ascii "hello world.\n\0"

@ 5. 简写

aaa:

mov ip, sp

stmfd sp!, {fp, ip, lr, pc} @ stmdb sp!, {fp, ip, lr, pc} 不写!则sp不变,这个pc是调试信息

sub fp, ip, #4

bl test @ mov lr, pc @ ldr pc, test

sub sp, fp, #12

ldmfd sp, {fp, sp, pc}

test:

mov ip, sp

stmfd sp!, {fp, ip, lr, pc}

sub fp, ip, #4

ldr r0, =fmt

bl show

sub sp, fp, #12

ldmfd sp, {fp, sp, pc}

show:

.word 0x33f94aa8

fmt:

.asciz "hello world.\n"