vs支持python_Windows 上 Visual Studio 中的 Python 支持 | Microsoft Docs

在 Windows 上的 Visual Studio 中使用 PythonWork with Python in Visual Studio on Windows

06/05/2019

本文内容

Python 是一种受欢迎的编程语言，它可靠、灵活、易于学习、可在所有操作系统上免费使用，并且强大的开发人员社区和很多免费库都支持它。Python is a popular programming language that is reliable, flexible, easy to learn, free to use on all operating systems, and supported by both a strong developer community and many free libraries. Python 支持所有开发方式，包括 Web 应用程序、Web 服务、桌面应用、脚本编写和科学计算，许多高校人员、科学家、业余和专业开发人员都在使用 Python。Python supports all manners of development, including web applications, web services, desktop apps, scripting, and scientific computing, and is used by many universities, scientists, casual developers, and professional developers alike. 可以在 python.org 和 Python for Beginners（面向初学者的 Python）中了解有关该语言的详细信息。You can learn more about the language on python.org and Python for Beginners.

Visual Studio 是 Windows 上功能强大的 Python IDE。Visual Studio is a powerful Python IDE on Windows. Visual Studio 通过 Python 开发 和数据科学 工作负载（Visual Studio 2017 及更高版本）和免费的针对 Visual Studio 的 Python 工具扩展（Visual Studio 2015 及更早版本），为 Python 语言提供开源代码支持。Visual Studio provides open-source support for the Python language through the Python Development and Data Science workloads (Visual Studio 2017 and later) and the free Python Tools for Visual Studio extension (Visual Studio 2015 and earlier).

Python 目前不支持在 Visual Studio for Mac 中使用，但可通过 Visual Studio Code 在 Mac 和 Linux 上使用（请参阅问题和解答）。Python is not presently supported in Visual Studio for Mac, but is available on Mac and Linux through Visual Studio Code (see questions and answers).

若要开始使用 Python，请执行以下操作：To get started:

按照安装说明安装 Python 工作负载。Follow the installation instructions to set up the Python workload.

通过本文中各部分的内容熟悉 Visual Studio 的 Python 功能。Familiarize yourself with the Python capabilities of Visual Studio through the sections in this article.

阅读一个或多个指导如何创建项目的快速入门教程。Go through one or more of the Quickstarts to create a project. If you're unsure, start with Create a web app with Flask.

阅读一个或多个指导如何创建项目的快速入门教程。Go through one or more of the Quickstarts to create a project.

Follow the Work with Python in Visual Studio tutorial for a full end-to-end experience.

备注

Visual Studio 支持 Python 版本 2.7 以及版本 3.5 到 3.7。Visual Studio supports Python version 2.7, as well as version 3.5 through 3.7. 可以使用 Visual Studio 编辑在 Python 其他版本中编写的代码时，这些版本不受官方支持，IntelliSense 和调试等功能可能无法正常工作。While it is possible to use Visual Studio to edit code written in other versions of Python, those versions are not officially supported and features such as IntelliSense and debugging might not work. 对 Python 版本 3.8 的支持仍在开发中，可在 GitHub 上的这一跟踪问题页面查看有关支持的特定详细信息。Python version 3.8 support is still under development, specific details about support can be seen in this tracking issue on GitHub.

对多个解释器的支持Support for multiple interpreters

Visual Studio 的“Python 环境”窗口（下方为其扩展后的加宽视图）具有一块用于管理所有全局 Python 环境、conda 环境和虚拟环境的单独区域 。Visual Studio's Python Environments window (shown below in a wide, expanded view) gives you a single place to manage all of your global Python environments, conda environments, and virtual environments. Visual Studio 可自动检测出标准位置是否安装 Python，并且允许用户配置自定义安装。Visual Studio automatically detects installations of Python in standard locations, and allows you to configure custom installations. 在每个环境中，用户都可以轻松管理包、打开该环境的交互窗口和访问环境文件夹。With each environment, you can easily manage packages, open an interactive window for that environment, and access environment folders.

使用“打开交互窗口” 命令，在 Visual Studio 的上下文中以交互方式运行 Python。Use the Open interactive window command to run Python interactively within the context of Visual Studio. 使用“在 PowerShell 中打开” 命令，在所选环境的文件夹中打开单独的命令窗口。Use the Open in PowerShell command to open a separate command window in the folder of the selected environment. 可从该命令窗口运行任何 python 脚本。From that command window you can run any python script.

更多相关信息：For more information:

多种多样的编辑、IntelliSense 和代码理解Rich editing, IntelliSense, and code comprehension

Visual Studio 具备出色的 Python 编辑器，包括语法着色、跨代码和库的自动补全、代码格式设置、签名帮助、重构、Linting 和类型提示。Visual Studio provides a first-class Python editor, including syntax coloring, auto-complete across all your code and libraries, code formatting, signature help, refactoring, linting, and type hints. Visual Studio 还提供一些独一无二的功能，如类视图、转到定义 、查找所有引用 和代码片段。Visual Studio also provides unique features like class view, Go to Definition, Find All References, and code snippets. 与交互窗口直接集成有助于快速开发已保存在文件中的 Python 代码。Direct integration with the Interactive window helps you quickly develop Python code that's already saved in a file.

更多相关信息：For more information:

交互窗口Interactive window

对于 Visual Studio 已知的每个 Python 环境，用户都可以直接在 Visual Studio 中轻松打开 Python 解释器的相同交互 (REPL) 环境，而无需使用单独的命令提示符。For every Python environment known to Visual Studio, you can easily open the same interactive (REPL) environment for a Python interpreter directly within Visual Studio, rather than using a separate command prompt. 也可以轻松地切换环境。You can easily switch between environments as well. （若要打开单独的命令提示符，请在“Python环境”窗口中选择所需的环境，然后如之前的对多个解释器的支持下所述，选择“在 PowerShell 中打开”命令） 。(To open a separate command prompt, select your desired environment in the Python Environments window, then select the Open in PowerShell command as explained earlier under Support for multiple interpreters.)

Visual Studio 还紧密集成了 Python 代码编辑器和交互 窗口。Visual Studio also provides tight integration between the Python code editor and the Interactive window. 使用 Ctrl +Enter 键盘快捷方式可将编辑器中的当前代码行（或代码块）发送给交互 窗口，然后移至下一行（或块），非常方便。The Ctrl+Enter keyboard shortcut conveniently sends the current line of code (or code block) in the editor to the Interactive window, then moves to the next line (or block). 使用 +Enter 无需运行调试程序即可轻松浏览代码。Ctrl+Enter lets you easily step through code without having to run the debugger. 还可以使用相同的键盘快捷方式将选定代码发送给交互 窗口，并轻松地将交互 窗口中的代码粘贴到编辑器中。You can also send selected code to the Interactive window with the same keystroke, and easily paste code from the Interactive window into the editor. 将这些功能结合使用可以在交互 窗口中找出代码段的详细信息，并将结果轻松保存到编辑器的文件中。Together, these capabilities allow you to work out details for a segment of code in the Interactive window and easily save the results in a file in the editor.

Visual Studio 还支持 REPL 中的 IPython/Jupyter，包括内联图、.NET 和 Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF)。Visual Studio also supports IPython/Jupyter in the REPL, including inline plots, .NET, and Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF).

更多相关信息：For more information:

项目系统、项目模板和项模板Project system, and project and item templates

备注

Visual Studio 2019 支持打开包含 Python 代码的文件夹并在不创建 Visual Studio 项目和解决方案文件的情况下运行该代码。Visual Studio 2019 supports opening a folder containing Python code and running that code without creating Visual Studio project and solution files. 但是，使用项目文件会获得本部分所述的优势。There are, however, benefits to using a project file, as explained in this section.

Visual Studio 可帮助管理项目随时间增加的复杂性。Visual Studio helps you manage the complexity of a project as it grows over time. Visual Studio 项目不仅仅是一个文件夹结构：它包括理解不同文件的使用方式以及文件之间的关系。A Visual Studio project is much more than a folder structure: it includes an understanding of how different files are used and how they relate to each other. Visual Studio 可帮助用户区分应用代码、测试代码、网页、JavaScript 和生成脚本等，从而启用文件对应的功能。Visual Studio helps you distinguish app code, test code, web pages, JavaScript, build scripts, and so on, which then enable file-appropriate features. 此外，Visual Studio 解决方案还可以帮助用户管理多个相关的项目，例如 Python 项目和 C++ 扩展项目。A Visual Studio solution, moreover, helps you manage multiple related projects, such as a Python project and a C++ extension project.

项目和项模板可自动完成不同类型的项目和文件的设置过程，能为用户节省宝贵的时间，无需用户管理错综复杂又容易出错的细枝末节。Project and item templates automate the process of setting up different types of projects and files, saving you valuable time and relieving you from managing intricate and error-prone details. Visual Studio 提供适用于 Web、Azure、数据科学、控制台和其他类型项目的模板，以及适用于 Python 类、单元测试、Azure Web 配置、HTML 甚至 Django 应用等文件的模板。Visual Studio provides templates for web, Azure, data science, console, and other types of projects, along with templates for files like Python classes, unit tests, Azure web configuration, HTML, and even Django apps.

更多相关信息：For more information:

功能完备的调试Full-featured debugging

功能强大的调试程序是 Visual Studio 的优势之一。One of Visual Studio's strengths is its powerful debugger. 特别以 Python 为例，Visual Studio 支持 Python/C++ 混合模式调试、在 Linux 上进行远程调试、在交互 窗口中进行调试，以及调试 Python 单元测试。For Python in particular, Visual Studio includes Python/C++ mixed-mode debugging, remote debugging on Linux, debugging within the Interactive window, and debugging Python unit tests.

在 Visual Studio 2019 中，可以在不使用 Visual Studio 项目文件的情况下运行和调试代码。In Visual Studio 2019, you can run and debug code without having a Visual Studio project file.

更多相关信息：For more information:

具有丰富报表的分析工具Profiling tools with comprehensive reporting

通过分析可以了解应用程序内的时间分配。Profiling explores how time is being spent within your application. Visual Studio 支持使用基于 CPython 的解释器进行分析，并且能比较运行的不同分析之间的性能差异。Visual Studio supports profiling with CPython-based interpreters and includes the ability to compare performance between different profiling runs.

更多相关信息：For more information:

常规 Visual Studio 功能文档：分析功能导览。General Visual Studio feature docs: Profiling Feature Tour. （并非所有 Visual Studio 分析功能都可用于 Python）。(Not all Visual Studio profiling features are available for Python).

单元测试工具Unit testing tools

在 Visual Studio 测试资源管理器 中发现、运行和管理测试，并且可轻松调试单元测试。Discover, run, and manage tests in Visual Studio Test Explorer, and easily debug unit tests.

更多相关信息：For more information:

Azure SDK for PythonAzure SDK for Python

用于 Python 的 Azure 库简化了从 Windows、Mac OS X 和 Linux 应用中使用 Azure 服务的过程。The Azure libraries for Python simplify consuming Azure services from Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux apps. 可以使用它们创建和管理 Azure 资源，以及连接到 Azure 服务。You can use them to create and manage Azure resources, as well as to connect to Azure services.

问题和解答Questions and answers

问：是否可通过 Visual Studio for Mac 获得 Python 支持？Q. Is Python support available with Visual Studio for Mac?

答：A. 目前不行，但你可以在开发者社区上为该请求投票。Not at this time, but you can up vote the request on Developer Community. The Visual Studio for Mac documentation identifies the current types of development that it does support. 同时，Windows、Mac 和 Linux 上的 Visual Studio Code 可通过可用扩展与 Python 配合工作。In the meantime, Visual Studio Code on Windows, Mac, and Linux works well with Python through available extensions.

问：构建 Python UI 可以使用什么工具？Q. What can I use to build UI with Python?

答：A. 该领域的主要产品是 Qt 项目，其中与 Python 的绑定称为 PySide（官方绑定）（另请参阅 PySide 下载）和 PyQt。The main offering in this area is the Qt Project, with bindings for Python known as PySide (the official binding) (also see PySide downloads) and PyQt. 目前，Visual Studio 中的 Python 支持不包括用于 UI 开发的任何特定工具。At present, Python support in Visual Studio does not include any specific tools for UI development.

问：Python 项目是否可以生成独立的可执行文件？Q. Can a Python project produce a stand-alone executable?

答：A. Python 通常是一种解释型语言，其代码在适合 Python 功能的环境（如 Visual Studio 和 Web 服务器）中按需运行。Python is generally an interpreted language, with which code is run on demand in a suitable Python-capable environment such as Visual Studio and web servers. 目前，Visual Studio 本身不提供创建独立可执行文件的方法，它本质上是一个具有嵌入式 Python 解释器的程序。Visual Studio itself does not at present provide the means to create a stand-alone executable, which essentially means a program with an embedded Python interpreter. 但是，如 StackOverflow 所述，Python 社区提供了不同的方法来创建可执行文件。However, the Python community supplied different means to create executables as described on StackOverflow. 如博客文章使用 CPython 可嵌入 zip 文件中所述，CPython 还支持嵌入到本机应用程序中。CPython also supports being embedded within a native application, as described on the blog post, Using CPython's embeddable zip file.

功能支持Feature support

如安装指南所述，可在下述 Visual Studio 版本中安装 Python 功能：Python features can be installed in the following editions of Visual Studio as described in the installation guide:

Visual Studio 2017（所有版本）Visual Studio 2017 (all editions)

Visual Studio 2015（所有版本）Visual Studio 2015 (all editions)

Visual Studio 2013 Community EditionVisual Studio 2013 Community Edition

Visual Studio 2013 Express for Web 和 Update 2 或更高版本Visual Studio 2013 Express for Web, Update 2 or higher

Visual Studio 2013 Express for Desktop 和 Update 2 或更高版本Visual Studio 2013 Express for Desktop, Update 2 or higher

Visual Studio 2013（Pro 或更高版本）Visual Studio 2013 (Pro edition or higher)

Visual Studio 2012（Pro 或更高版本）Visual Studio 2012 (Pro edition or higher)

Visual Studio 2010 SP1（Pro 或更高版本；需要 .NET 4.5）Visual Studio 2010 SP1 (Pro edition or higher; .NET 4.5 required)

重要

仅针对 Visual Studio 的最新版完全支持和维护这些功能。Features are fully supported and maintained for only the latest version of Visual Studio. 可在早期版本中使用这些功能，但不主动维护它们。Features are available in older versions but are not actively maintained.

Python 支持Python support

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管理多个解释器Manage multiple interpreters

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自动检测热门解释器Auto-detect popular interpreters

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添加自定义解释器Add custom interpreters

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虚拟环境Virtual Environments

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Pip/易于安装Pip/Easy Install

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项目系统Project system

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根据现有代码新建项目New project from existing code

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显示所有文件Show all files

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源代码管理Source control

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Git 集成Git integration

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编辑Editing

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语法突出显示Syntax highlighting

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签名帮助Signature help

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快速信息Quick info

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对象浏览器/类视图Object browser/class view

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导航栏Navigation bar

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转到定义Go to Definition

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导航到Navigate to

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查找所有引用Find All References

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自动缩进Auto indentation

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代码格式设置Code formatting

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重构 - 重命名Refactor - rename

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重构 - 添加/删除导入Refactor - add/remove import

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PyLintPyLint

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交互窗口Interactive window

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Flask Web 项目Flask web project

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AzureAzure

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对辅助角色的部署Deploy to worker role

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??

✗✗

✔4✔4

✔4✔4

✔3✔3

✗✗

在 Azure 仿真程序中运行Run in Azure emulator

??

??

??

✗✗

✔4✔4

✔4✔4

✔3✔3

✗✗

远程调试Remote debugging

✔✔

✔✔

✔✔

✗✗

✔6✔6

✔8✔8

✔8✔8

✗✗

附加服务器资源管理器Attach Server Explorer

✔✔

✔✔

✔✔

✗✗

✔7✔7

✔7✔7

✗✗

✗✗

Django 模板Django templates

2017+2017+

20152015

2013 Comm2013 Comm

2013 Desktop2013 Desktop

2013 Web2013 Web

2013 Pro+2013 Pro+

2012 Pro+2012 Pro+

2010 SP1 Pro+2010 SP1 Pro+

调试Debugging

✔✔

✔✔

✔✔

✗✗

✔✔

✔✔

✔✔

✔✔

自动完成Auto-complete

✔✔

✔✔

✔✔

✗✗

✔5✔5

✔5✔5

✔✔

✔✔

CSS 和 JavaScript 的自动完成Auto-complete for CSS and JavaScript

✔✔

✔✔

✔✔

✗✗

✔5✔5

✔5✔5

✗✗

✗✗

调试Debugging

2017+2017+

20152015

2013 Comm2013 Comm

2013 Desktop2013 Desktop

2013 Web2013 Web

2013 Pro+2013 Pro+

2012 Pro+2012 Pro+

2010 SP1 Pro+2010 SP1 Pro+

调试Debugging

✔✔

✔✔

✔✔

✔✔

✔✔

✔✔

✔✔

✔✔

不含项目进行调试Debugging without a project

✔✔

✔✔

✔✔

✔✔

✔✔

✔✔

✔✔

✔✔

调试 - 附加到编辑Debugging - attach to editing

✔✔

✔✔

✔✔

✔✔

✗✗

✔✔

✔✔

✔✔

混合模式调试Mixed-mode debugging

✔✔

✔✔

✔✔

✔✔

✔✔

✔✔

✔✔

✗✗

远程调试（Windows、Mac OS X、Linux）Remote debugging (Windows, Mac OS X, Linux)

✔✔

✔✔

✔✔

✔✔

✗✗

✔✔

✔✔

✔✔

调试交互窗口Debug Interactive window

✔✔

✔✔

✔✔

✔✔

✔✔

✔✔

✔✔

✔✔

分析Profiling

2017+2017+

20152015

2013 Comm2013 Comm

2013 Desktop2013 Desktop

2013 Web2013 Web

2013 Pro+2013 Pro+

2012 Pro+2012 Pro+

2010 SP1 Pro+2010 SP1 Pro+

分析Profiling

✔✔

✔✔

✔✔

✗✗

✗✗

✔✔

✔✔

✔✔

测试Test

2017+2017+

20152015

2013 Comm2013 Comm

2013 Desktop2013 Desktop

2013 Web2013 Web

2013 Pro+2013 Pro+

2012 Pro+2012 Pro+

2010 SP1 Pro+2010 SP1 Pro+

测试资源管理器Test explorer

✔✔

✔✔

✔✔

✔✔

✔✔

✔✔

✔✔

✗✗

运行测试Run test

✔✔

✔✔

✔✔

✔✔

✔✔

✔✔

✔✔

✗✗

调试测试Debug test

✔✔

✔✔

✔✔

✔✔

✔✔

✔✔

✔✔

✗✗

Visual Studio Tools for Git 扩展中提供了对 Visual Studio 2012 的 Git 支持，可从 Visual Studio Marketplace 中获得。Git support for Visual Studio 2012 is available in the Visual Studio Tools for Git extension, available on the Visual Studio Marketplace.

更高版本不支持 Visual Studio 2010。Later versions don't support Visual Studio 2010.

Support for Azure Web Role and Worker Role requires Azure SDK for .NET 2.3 - VS 2012 or later.

Support for Azure Web Role and Worker Role requires Azure SDK for .NET 2.3 - VS 2013 or later.

Visual Studio 2013 中的 Django 模板编辑器具有一些已知问题，可通过安装 Update 2 解决。Django template editor in Visual Studio 2013 has some known issues that are resolved by installing Update 2.

需要 Windows 8 或更高版本。Requires Windows 8 or later. Visual Studio 2013 Express for Web 没有“附加到进程” 对话框，但 Azure 网站远程调试仍然可能在服务器资源管理器 中使用附加调试器 (Python) 命令。Visual Studio 2013 Express for Web doesn't have the Attach to Process dialog, but Azure Web Site remote debugging is still possible using the Attach Debugger (Python) command in Server Explorer.

需要 Windows 8 或更高版本。Requires Windows 8 or later. Attach Debugger (Python) command in Server Explorer requires Azure SDK for .NET 2.3 - Visual Studio 2013 or later.

需要 Windows 8 或更高版本。Requires Windows 8 or later.