mysql in优化_MySQL优化器和SemiJoin优化

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于 2020-12-01 19:37:33 发布

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1. 背景

1.1. MySQL执行流程

MySQL的执行过程包括多个子阶段：语法分析、语义检查、逻辑优化、物理优化和执行。其中逻辑优化和物理优化统称为查询优化。一个查询优化器的输入是查询树，输出是查询执行计划。

逻辑优化也称为基于规则的查询优化(Rule Based Optimization，简称RBO)。主要是对查询进行逻辑上的等价变换，目的是通过这些变换提高查询的性能。物理优化也称为基于代价的查询优化(Cost-based Optimization，简称CBO)。主要是通过一些模型，预测一个查询使用某种执行计划时的成本，并选择其中成本最小的一个。

1.2. SemiJoin定义

SemiJoin是表上的一个运算。假定R和S是两个表，R SemiJoin S可记为R ⋉ S，结果是在S中满足条件的元组。例如下面的例子是“雇员”和“部门”和它们的半连接的表：

雇员SemiJoin部门 where 雇员.DeptName=部门.DeptName

雇员Join部门 where 雇员.DeptName=部门.DeptName

从上面的结果可以得出如下结论：①半连接的结果是左表的子集。②增加右表一条重复记录，结果并不随之增多。

2. In子查询转SemiJoin的优化方法

2.1 优化方法

通用的转换格式如下：

  SELECT ...
  FROM ot1 ... otN
  WHERE (oe1, ... oeM) IN (SELECT ie1, ..., ieM
                           FROM it1 ... itK
                          [WHERE inner-cond])
  [AND outer-cond]
  [GROUP BY ...] [HAVING ...] [ORDER BY ...]

如上格式的子查询被转换为semijoin的格式如下(ot表示外表，it表示内表)：

  SELECT ...
  FROM (ot1 ... otN) SJ (it1 ... itK)
                     ON (oe1, ... oeM) = (ie1, ..., ieM)
                        [AND inner-cond]
  [WHERE outer-cond]
  [GROUP BY ...] [HAVING ...] [ORDER BY ...]

从上面的结构可以看到，转化是支持多列的。

2.2 为什么可以转化：

当执行如下SQL时，也是先遍历雇员表，然后在部门表里查找是否匹配。实际上和上面SemiJoin的语义是一致的，结果也一样。

select * from 雇员 where 雇员.DeptName in (select 部门.DeptName from 部门)

具体Mysql将In转化成SemiJoin的代码逻辑实现在如下函数里：bool SELECT_LEX::flatten_subqueries()

2.3 一个子查询能够转换成SemiJoin还需满足如下条件：

1. 必须是In或any子查询

2. 不包含UNION按照扁平化规则后，UNION会导致结果不一致。比如：t1,t2和t3表定义和数据如下：

则执行如下SQL：select a from t1 where a in (select b from t2 UNION select c from t3);正确结果应该为：

但是SemiJoin转换后的SQL为：select a from t1 semijoin t2 where t1.a=t2.b UNION select a from t1 semijoin t3 where t1.a=t3.c;由于UNION的去重，导致结果为：

另外即使是UNION ALL，如果t2与t3存在相同记录，结果也是不正确的。

3. 不包含GROUP BY 或 HAVING含有groupby的SQL，转换后(即扁平化后)，导致与原来语义不一致了。比如原来是：select a from t1 where b in (select b from t2 group by b)按照规则转换成semijoin后为：select a from t1 semijoin (t2) where t1.b = t2.b group by t2.b;由于a1不在group by内，语法错误。

4. 不包含聚集函数。通过测试，确实没有走SemiJoin。

mysql> explain select * from t1 where a in (select count(*) from t2 where t1.b=t2.b group by a);
+----+--------------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+------------------------------+
| id | select_type        | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key  | key_len | ref  | rows | filtered | Extra                        |
+----+--------------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+------------------------------+
|  1 | PRIMARY            | t1    | NULL       | ALL  | NULL          | NULL | NULL    | NULL |    8 |   100.00 | Using where                  |
|  2 | DEPENDENT SUBQUERY | t2    | NULL       | ALL  | NULL          | NULL | NULL    | NULL |    4 |    25.00 | Using where; Using temporary |
+----+--------------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+------------------------------+
2 rows in set, 2 warnings (0.00 sec)

mysql> show warnings;
+-------+------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Level | Code | Message                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
+-------+------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Note  | 1276 | Field or reference 'ldy.t1.b' of SELECT #2 was resolved in SELECT #1                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    |
| Note  | 1003 | /* select#1 */ select `ldy`.`t1`.`a` AS `a`,`ldy`.`t1`.`b` AS `b` from `ldy`.`t1` where (`ldy`.`t1`.`a`,(/* select#2 */ select 1 from `ldy`.`t2` where (`ldy`.`t1`.`b` = `ldy`.`t2`.`b`) group by `ldy`.`t2`.`a` having ((`ldy`.`t1`.`a`) = (count(0))))) |
+-------+------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

5. 不包含LIMIT。通过测试，控制台直接报错。

mysql> select * from t1 where a in (select a from t2 limit 2);
ERROR 1235 (42000): This version of MySQL doesn't yet support 'LIMIT & IN/ALL/ANY/SOME subquery'
mysql>

6. 子查询有ORDER BY时，转换后去掉ORDER BY

7. 外部查询没有STRAIGHT_JOIN(错)关键字STRAIGHT_JOIN表明，该查询的JOIN顺序不需要优化，按照原来SQL的顺序依次进行。MYSQL官方文档说有限制，经测试没有限制。比如，如下依然能转换为semijoin：

mysql> select * from t3;
mysql> explain select t1.*,t2.* from t2 STRAIGHT_JOIN t1 on t1.b=t2.b where t1.a in (select a from t3);
+----+--------------+-------------+------------+--------+---------------+------------+---------+----------+------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+
| id | select_type  | table       | partitions | type   | possible_keys | key        | key_len | ref      | rows | filtered | Extra                                              |
+----+--------------+-------------+------------+--------+---------------+------------+---------+----------+------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE       | t2          | NULL       | ALL    | NULL          | NULL       | NULL    | NULL     |    4 |   100.00 | NULL                                               |
|  1 | SIMPLE       | t1          | NULL       | ALL    | NULL          | NULL       | NULL    | NULL     |    8 |    12.50 | Using where; Using join buffer (Block Nested Loop) |
|  1 | SIMPLE       |  | NULL       | eq_ref |     |  | 5       | ldy.t1.a |    1 |   100.00 | NULL                                               |
|  2 | MATERIALIZED | t3          | NULL       | ALL    | NULL          | NULL       | NULL    | NULL     |   10 |   100.00 | NULL                                               |
+----+--------------+-------------+------------+--------+---------------+------------+---------+----------+------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+
4 rows in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
mysql> show warnings;
+-------+------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Level | Code | Message                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          |
+-------+------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Note  | 1003 | /* select#1 */ select `ldy`.`t1`.`a` AS `a`,`ldy`.`t1`.`b` AS `b`,`ldy`.`t2`.`a` AS `a`,`ldy`.`t2`.`b` AS `b` from `ldy`.`t2` semi join (`ldy`.`t3`) straight_join `ldy`.`t1` where ((`ldy`.`t1`.`b` = `ldy`.`t2`.`b`) and (``.`a` = `ldy`.`t1`.`a`)) |
+-------+------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

8. 是否相关子查询均支持。

注：测试所用的数据参考如下数据库名为ldy，表如下：

mysql> select * from t1;
+------+------+
| a    | b    |
+------+------+
|    0 |    1 |
|    1 |    2 |
|    2 |    3 |
|    3 |    4 |
|    4 |    5 |
|    5 |    6 |
|    6 |    7 |
|    7 |    8 |
+------+------+
8 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from t2;
+------+------+
| a    | b    |
+------+------+
|    0 |    1 |
|    1 |    2 |
|    2 |    3 |
|    3 |    4 |
+------+------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from t3;
+------+------+
| a    | b    |
+------+------+
|    0 |    1 |
|    2 |    3 |
|    3 |    4 |
+------+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

2.4 举例

例子1: 二重In子查询嵌套SQL通过两次SemiJoin优化成单层SQL，参考如下：

mysql> explain select * from t1 where t1.a in (select a from t2 where b in (select b from t3));
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key  | key_len | ref  | rows | filtered | Extra                                                             |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | t3    | NULL       | ALL  | NULL          | NULL | NULL    | NULL |    3 |   100.00 | Start temporary                                                   |
|  1 | SIMPLE      | t2    | NULL       | ALL  | NULL          | NULL | NULL    | NULL |    4 |    25.00 | Using where; Using join buffer (Block Nested Loop)                |
|  1 | SIMPLE      | t1    | NULL       | ALL  | NULL          | NULL | NULL    | NULL |    8 |    12.50 | Using where; End temporary; Using join buffer (Block Nested Loop) |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
3 rows in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

mysql> show warnings;
+-------+------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Level | Code | Message                                                                                                                                                                                                  |
+-------+------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Note  | 1003 | /* select#1 */ select `ldy`.`t1`.`a` AS `a`,`ldy`.`t1`.`b` AS `b` from `ldy`.`t1` semi join (`ldy`.`t3` join `ldy`.`t2`) where ((`ldy`.`t1`.`a` = `ldy`.`t2`.`a`) and (`ldy`.`t2`.`b` = `ldy`.`t3`.`b`)) |
+-------+------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

例子2: 并列in查询，and条件下能够转成SemiJoin：

mysql> explain select * from t1 where t1.a in (select a from t2) and t1.b in (select b from t3);
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key  | key_len | ref  | rows | filtered | Extra                                                              |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | t3    | NULL       | ALL  | NULL          | NULL | NULL    | NULL |    3 |   100.00 | Start temporary                                                    |
|  1 | SIMPLE      | t1    | NULL       | ALL  | NULL          | NULL | NULL    | NULL |    8 |    12.50 | Using where; End temporary; Using join buffer (Block Nested Loop)  |
|  1 | SIMPLE      | t2    | NULL       | ALL  | NULL          | NULL | NULL    | NULL |    4 |    25.00 | Using where; FirstMatch(t1); Using join buffer (Block Nested Loop) |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
3 rows in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

mysql> show warnings;
+-------+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Level | Code | Message                                                                                                                                                                                                         |
+-------+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Note  | 1003 | /* select#1 */ select `ldy`.`t1`.`a` AS `a`,`ldy`.`t1`.`b` AS `b` from `ldy`.`t1` semi join (`ldy`.`t2`) semi join (`ldy`.`t3`) where ((`ldy`.`t1`.`b` = `ldy`.`t3`.`b`) and (`ldy`.`t2`.`a` = `ldy`.`t1`.`a`)) |
+-------+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

例子3，并列in查询，or条件下不能转成semijoin：

mysql> explain select * from t1 where t1.a in (select a from t2) or t1.b in (select b from t3);
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key  | key_len | ref  | rows | filtered | Extra       |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
|  1 | PRIMARY     | t1    | NULL       | ALL  | NULL          | NULL | NULL    | NULL |    8 |   100.00 | Using where |
|  3 | SUBQUERY    | t3    | NULL       | ALL  | NULL          | NULL | NULL    | NULL |    3 |   100.00 | NULL        |
|  2 | SUBQUERY    | t2    | NULL       | ALL  | NULL          | NULL | NULL    | NULL |    4 |   100.00 | NULL        |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
3 rows in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

mysql> show warnings;
+-------+------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Level | Code | Message                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              |
+-------+------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Note  | 1003 | /* select#1 */ select `ldy`.`t1`.`a` AS `a`,`ldy`.`t1`.`b` AS `b` from `ldy`.`t1` where ((`ldy`.`t1`.`a`,`ldy`.`t1`.`a` in (  (/* select#2 */ select `ldy`.`t2`.`a` from `ldy`.`t2` where 1 ), (`ldy`.`t1`.`a` in  on  where ((`ldy`.`t1`.`a` = `materialized-subquery`.`a`))))) or (`ldy`.`t1`.`b`,`ldy`.`t1`.`b` in (  (/* select#3 */ select `ldy`.`t3`.`b` from `ldy`.`t3` where 1 ), (`ldy`.`t1`.`b` in  on  where ((`ldy`.`t1`.`b` = `materialized-subquery`.`b`)))))) |
+-------+------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

例子4: 支持多列SemiJoin：

mysql> explain select * from t1 where (a, b) in (select a, b from t2);
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key  | key_len | ref  | rows | filtered | Extra                                                             |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | t2    | NULL       | ALL  | NULL          | NULL | NULL    | NULL |    4 |   100.00 | Start temporary                                                   |
|  1 | SIMPLE      | t1    | NULL       | ALL  | NULL          | NULL | NULL    | NULL |    8 |    12.50 | Using where; End temporary; Using join buffer (Block Nested Loop) |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
2 rows in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

mysql> show warnings;
+-------+------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Level | Code | Message                                                                                                                                                                                  |
+-------+------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Note  | 1003 | /* select#1 */ select `ldy`.`t1`.`a` AS `a`,`ldy`.`t1`.`b` AS `b` from `ldy`.`t1` semi join (`ldy`.`t2`) where ((`ldy`.`t1`.`b` = `ldy`.`t2`.`b`) and (`ldy`.`t1`.`a` = `ldy`.`t2`.`a`)) |
+-------+------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

3. SemiJoin的几种执行策略

转换成SemiJoin后，MySQL将要根据权重，采用如下执行策略(以下策略也能通过Mysql的修改系统变量optimizer_switch，将某些策略关闭或打开)。假设有两个表：国家表(Country)和城市表(City)，查找存在某一城市人口大于该国人口33%的所有国家。查询语句如下：

select *
from Country
where
   Country.code IN (select City.Country
                    from City
                    where
                      City.Population > 0.33 * Country.Population and
                      City.Population > 1*1000*1000);

1. Duplicate Weedout：将semi-join当做普通innerJoin，之后使用临时表将重复项去除。
举例：Country SemiJoin City的执行过程如下：

Country与City内连接后有German有三条记录，通过建立临时表，由于临时表的主键是Country表的RowId，重复项将不能插入。具体可以看到，去重过程如下：

2. FirstMatch：执行join只挑选第一次匹配的项，非常类似于In语义。
举例，Country InnerJoin City的嵌套循环流程如下，先遍历Country再遍历City：

当是SemiJoin时，在City里找到一个，就不需要继续找了。

3. LooseScan：sj-inner表将重复项分组，选出一个即返回。
查询拥有人造卫星的国家，数据库有国家表(Country)和人造卫星表(Satellite)。查询SQL如下：

select * from Country
where
Country.code in (select country_code from Satellite)

假如Satellite.country_code是索引，通过按索引顺序遍历，发现已经是分组的了。

利用索引很容易从一个组调到另一组，而一组内只需要判断第一条记录即可，具体如下：

4. Materialize：

假如不是相关子查询，可以先物化内表为一个临时表，由于该临时表在条件字段上采用了索引，保证了唯一性(即消除了重复字段)，SemiJoin的结果就和innerJoin相同了。该临时表与外表执行JOIN。

根据临时表与外表Join过程，采用类似NestedLoop形式，根据先遍历临时表还是外表，进一步包括Lookup和Scan两种。Lookup为物化inner表(该表包含一个索引，该索引既可以删除重复元素，也可用于后面执行Join运算)，先循环遍历outer表，并在物化表查找。

Scan为物化inner表(该表包含一个索引，该索引既可以删除重复元素，也可用于后面执行Join运算)，先循环遍历物化表，并在outer表查找。

4. 参考资料

https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/optimization-strategies/https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/semi-joins.html

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mysql in优化_MySQL优化器和SemiJoin优化

提示：公众号展示代码会自动折行，建议横屏阅读1. 背景1.1. MySQL执行流程MySQL的执行过程包括多个子阶段：语法分析、语义检查、逻辑优化、物理优化和执行。其中逻辑优化和物理优化统称为查询优化。一个查询优化器的输入是查询树，输出是查询执行计划。逻辑优化也称为基于规则的查询优化(Rule Based Optimization，简称RBO)。主要是对查询进行逻辑上的等价变换，目的是通...
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