import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
创建一个Series,同时让pandas自动生成索引列
s = pd.Series([1,3,5,np.nan,6,8])
# 查看s
s
0 1.0
1 3.0
2 5.0
3 NaN
4 6.0
5 8.0
dtype: float64
创建一个DataFrame数据框
### 创建一个DataFrame ，可以传入一个numpy array 可以自己构建索引以及列标
dates = pd.date_range('2018-11-01',periods=7)
#### 比如说生成一个时间序列，以20181101 为起始位置的，7个日期组成的时间序列，数据的类型为datetime64[ns]
dates
DatetimeIndex(['2018-11-01', '2018-11-02', '2018-11-03', '2018-11-04',
'2018-11-05', '2018-11-06', '2018-11-07'],
dtype='datetime64[ns]', freq='D')
df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(7,4),index= dates,columns=list('ABCD'))
df
# 产生随机正态分布的数据，7行4列，分别对应的index的长度以及column的长度
.dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {
vertical-align: middle;
}
.dataframe tbody tr th {
vertical-align: top;
}
.dataframe thead th {
text-align: right;
}
A
B
C
D
2018-11-01
-0.170364
-0.237541
0.529903
0.660073
2018-11-02
-0.158446
-0.488535
0.082960
-1.913573
2018-11-03
-0.518426
0.730866
-1.033830
0.712624
2018-11-04
1.013527
0.270167
0.081805
0.178193
2018-11-05
-0.897497
-0.016279
-0.234993
0.081208
2018-11-06
-0.030580
0.545561
1.091127
-0.131579
2018-11-07
-0.313342
-0.688179
-0.417754
0.855027
### 同时用可以使用dict的实行创建DataFrame
df2 = pd.DataFrame({"A":1,
"B":"20181101",
'C':np.array([3]*4,dtype='int32'),
'D':pd.Categorical(['test','train','test','train']),
"E":1.5},
)
df2
.dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {
vertical-align: middle;
}
.dataframe tbody tr th {
vertical-align: top;
}
.dataframe thead th {
text-align: right;
}
A
B
C
D
E
0
1
20181101
3
test
1.5
1
1
20181101
3
train
1.5
2
1
20181101
3
test
1.5
3
1
20181101
3
train
1.5
df2.dtypes
### 查看数据框中的数据类型,常见的数据类型还有时间类型以及float类型
A int64
B object
C int32
D category
E float64
dtype: object
查看数据
# 比如说看前5行
df.head()
.dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {
vertical-align: middle;
}
.dataframe tbody tr th {
vertical-align: top;
}
.dataframe thead th {
text-align: right;
}
A
B
C
D
2018-11-01
-0.170364
-0.237541
0.529903
0.660073
2018-11-02
-0.158446
-0.488535
0.082960
-1.913573
2018-11-03
-0.518426
0.730866
-1.033830
0.712624
2018-11-04
1.013527
0.270167
0.081805
0.178193
2018-11-05
-0.897497
-0.016279
-0.234993
0.081208
# 后4行
df.tail(4)
.dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {
vertical-align: middle;
}
.dataframe tbody tr th {
vertical-align: top;
}
.dataframe thead th {
text-align: right;
}
A
B
C
D
2018-11-04
1.013527
0.270167
0.081805
0.178193
2018-11-05
-0.897497
-0.016279
-0.234993
0.081208
2018-11-06
-0.030580
0.545561
1.091127
-0.131579
2018-11-07
-0.313342
-0.688179
-0.417754
0.855027
# 查看DataFrame的索引
df.index
DatetimeIndex(['2018-11-01', '2018-11-02', '2018-11-03', '2018-11-04',
'2018-11-05', '2018-11-06', '2018-11-07'],
dtype='datetime64[ns]', freq='D')
# 查看DataFrame的列索引
df.columns
Index(['A', 'B', 'C', 'D'], dtype='object')
# 查看DataFrame的数据,将DataFrame转化为numpy array 的数据形式
df.values
array([[-0.1703643 , -0.23754121, 0.52990284, 0.66007285],
[-0.15844565, -0.48853537, 0.08296043, -1.91357255],
[-0.51842554, 0.73086567, -1.03382969, 0.71262388],
[ 1.01352712, 0.27016714, 0.08180539, 0.17819344],
[-0.89749689, -0.01627937, -0.23499323, 0.08120819],
[-0.03058032, 0.54556063, 1.09112723, -0.13157934],
[-0.31334198, -0.68817881, -0.41775393, 0.85502652]])
数据的简单统计
# 可以使用describe函数对DataFrame中的数值型数据进行统计
df.describe()
.dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {
vertical-align: middle;
}
.dataframe tbody tr th {
vertical-align: top;
}
.dataframe thead th {
text-align: right;
}
A
B
C
D
count
7.000000
7.000000
7.000000
7.000000
mean
-0.153590
0.016580
0.014174
0.063139
std
0.590144
0.527860
0.680939
0.945526
min
-0.897497
-0.688179
-1.033830
-1.913573
25%
-0.415884
-0.363038
-0.326374
-0.025186
50%
-0.170364
-0.016279
0.081805
0.178193
75%
-0.094513
0.407864
0.306432
0.686348
max
1.013527
0.730866
1.091127
0.855027
df2.describe()
### 对于其他的数据类型的数据describe函数会自动过滤掉
.dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {
vertical-align: middle;
}
.dataframe tbody tr th {
vertical-align: top;
}
.dataframe thead th {
text-align: right;
}
A
C
E
count
4.0
4.0
4.0
mean
1.0
3.0
1.5
std
0.0
0.0
0.0
min
1.0
3.0
1.5
25%
1.0
3.0
1.5
50%
1.0
3.0
1.5
75%
1.0
3.0
1.5
max
1.0
3.0
1.5
### DataFrame 的转置，将列索引与行索引进行调换，行数据与列数进行调换
df.T
.dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {
vertical-align: middle;
}
.dataframe tbody tr th {
vertical-align: top;
}
.dataframe thead th {
text-align: right;
}
2018-11-01 00:00:00
2018-11-02 00:00:00
2018-11-03 00:00:00
2018-11-04 00:00:00
2018-11-05 00:00:00
2018-11-06 00:00:00
2018-11-07 00:00:00
A
-0.170364
-0.158446
-0.518426
1.013527
-0.897497
-0.030580
-0.313342
B
-0.237541
-0.488535
0.730866
0.270167
-0.016279
0.545561
-0.688179
C
0.529903
0.082960
-1.033830
0.081805
-0.234993
1.091127
-0.417754
D
0.660073
-1.913573
0.712624
0.178193
0.081208
-0.131579
0.855027
df
.dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {
vertical-align: middle;
}
.dataframe tbody tr th {
vertical-align: top;
}
.dataframe thead th {
text-align: right;
}
A
B
C
D
2018-11-01
-0.170364
-0.237541
0.529903
0.660073
2018-11-02
-0.158446
-0.488535
0.082960
-1.913573
2018-11-03
-0.518426
0.730866
-1.033830
0.712624
2018-11-04
1.013527
0.270167
0.081805
0.178193
2018-11-05
-0.897497
-0.016279
-0.234993
0.081208
2018-11-06
-0.030580
0.545561
1.091127
-0.131579
2018-11-07
-0.313342
-0.688179
-0.417754
0.855027
数据的排序
df.sort_index(ascending=False)
### 降序，按照列进行降序，通过该索引列
.dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {
vertical-align: middle;
}
.dataframe tbody tr th {
vertical-align: top;
}
.dataframe thead th {
text-align: right;
}
A
B
C
D
2018-11-07
-0.313342
-0.688179
-0.417754
0.855027
2018-11-06
-0.030580
0.545561
1.091127
-0.131579
2018-11-05
-0.897497
-0.016279
-0.234993
0.081208
2018-11-04
1.013527
0.270167
0.081805
0.178193
2018-11-03
-0.518426
0.730866
-1.033830
0.712624
2018-11-02
-0.158446
-0.488535
0.082960
-1.913573
2018-11-01
-0.170364
-0.237541
0.529903
0.660073
print(df.sort_values(by=['B','A']))
# 默认是升序,可以选择多指排序，先照B，后排A，如果B中的数据一样，则按照A中的大小进行排序
df.sort_values(by='B')
A B C D
2018-11-07 -0.313342 -0.688179 -0.417754 0.855027
2018-11-02 -0.158446 -0.488535 0.082960 -1.913573
2018-11-01 -0.170364 -0.237541 0.529903 0.660073
2018-11-05 -0.897497 -0.016279 -0.234993 0.081208
2018-11-04 1.013527 0.270167 0.081805 0.178193
2018-11-06 -0.030580 0.545561 1.091127 -0.131579
2018-11-03 -0.518426 0.730866 -1.033830 0.712624
.dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {
vertical-align: middle;
}
.dataframe tbody tr th {
vertical-align: top;
}
.dataframe thead th {
text-align: right;
}
A
B
C
D
2018-11-07
-0.313342
-0.688179
-0.417754
0.855027
2018-11-02
-0.158446
-0.488535
0.082960
-1.913573
2018-11-01
-0.170364
-0.237541
0.529903
0.660073
2018-11-05
-0.897497
-0.016279
-0.234993
0.081208
2018-11-04
1.013527
0.270167
0.081805
0.178193
2018-11-06
-0.030580
0.545561
1.091127
-0.131579
2018-11-03
-0.518426
0.730866
-1.033830
0.712624
选择数据(类似于数据库中sql语句)
df['A']
# 取出单独的一列数据，等价于df.A
2018-11-01 -0.170364
2018-11-02 -0.158446
2018-11-03 -0.518426
2018-11-04 1.013527
2018-11-05 -0.897497
2018-11-06 -0.030580
2018-11-07 -0.313342
Freq: D, Name: A, dtype: float64
# 通过[]进行行选择切片
df[0:3]
.dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {
vertical-align: middle;
}
.dataframe tbody tr th {
vertical-align: top;
}
.dataframe thead th {
text-align: right;
}
A
B
C
D
2018-11-01
-0.170364
-0.237541
0.529903
0.660073
2018-11-02
-0.158446
-0.488535
0.082960
-1.913573
2018-11-03
-0.518426
0.730866
-1.033830
0.712624
# 同时对于时间索引而言，可以直接使用比如
df['2018-11-01':'2018-11-04']
.dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {
vertical-align: middle;
}
.dataframe tbody tr th {
vertical-align: top;
}
.dataframe thead th {
text-align: right;
}
A
B
C
D
2018-11-01
-0.170364
-0.237541
0.529903
0.660073
2018-11-02
-0.158446
-0.488535
0.082960
-1.913573
2018-11-03
-0.518426
0.730866
-1.033830
0.712624
2018-11-04
1.013527
0.270167
0.081805
0.178193
另外可以使用标签来选择
df.loc['2018-11-01']
A -0.170364
B -0.237541
C 0.529903
D 0.660073
Name: 2018-11-01 00:00:00, dtype: float64
#### 通过标签来进行多个轴上的进行选择
df.loc[:,["A","B"]] # 等价于df[["A","B"]]
.dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {
vertical-align: middle;
}
.dataframe tbody tr th {
vertical-align: top;
}
.dataframe thead th {
text-align: right;
}
A
B
2018-11-01
-0.170364
-0.237541
2018-11-02
-0.158446
-0.488535
2018-11-03
-0.518426
0.730866
2018-11-04
1.013527
0.270167
2018-11-05
-0.897497
-0.016279
2018-11-06
-0.030580
0.545561
2018-11-07
-0.313342
-0.688179
df.loc["2018-11-01":"2018-11-03",["A","B"]]
.dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {
vertical-align: middle;
}
.dataframe tbody tr th {
vertical-align: top;
}
.dataframe thead th {
text-align: right;
}
A
B
2018-11-01
-0.170364
-0.237541
2018-11-02
-0.158446
-0.488535
2018-11-03
-0.518426
0.730866
#### 获得一个标量数据
df.loc['2018-11-01','A']
-0.17036430076617162
通过位置获取数据
df.iloc[3] # 获得第四行的数据
A 1.013527
B 0.270167
C 0.081805
D 0.178193
Name: 2018-11-04 00:00:00, dtype: float64
df.iloc[1:3,1:4] # 与numpy中的ndarray类似
.dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {
vertical-align: middle;
}
.dataframe tbody tr th {
vertical-align: top;
}
.dataframe thead th {
text-align: right;
}
B
C
D
2018-11-02
-0.488535
0.08296
-1.913573
2018-11-03
0.730866
-1.03383
0.712624
# 可以选取不连续的行或者列进行取值
df.iloc[[1,3],[1,3]]
.dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {
vertical-align: middle;
}
.dataframe tbody tr th {
vertical-align: top;
}
.dataframe thead th {
text-align: right;
}
B
D
2018-11-02
-0.488535
-1.913573
2018-11-04
0.270167
0.178193
# 对行进行切片处理
df.iloc[1:3,:]
.dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {
vertical-align: middle;
}
.dataframe tbody tr th {
vertical-align: top;
}
.dataframe thead th {
text-align: right;
}
A
B
C
D
2018-11-02
-0.158446
-0.488535
0.08296
-1.913573
2018-11-03
-0.518426
0.730866
-1.03383
0.712624
# 对列进行切片
df.iloc[:,1:4]
.dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {
vertical-align: middle;
}
.dataframe tbody tr th {
vertical-align: top;
}
.dataframe thead th {
text-align: right;
}
B
C
D
2018-11-01
-0.237541
0.529903
0.660073
2018-11-02
-0.488535
0.082960
-1.913573
2018-11-03
0.730866
-1.033830
0.712624
2018-11-04
0.270167
0.081805
0.178193
2018-11-05
-0.016279
-0.234993
0.081208
2018-11-06
0.545561
1.091127
-0.131579
2018-11-07
-0.688179
-0.417754
0.855027
# 获取特定的值
df.iloc[1,3]
-1.9135725473596013
布尔值索引
# 使用单列的数据作为条件进行筛选
df[df.A>0]
.dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {
vertical-align: middle;
}
.dataframe tbody tr th {
vertical-align: top;
}
.dataframe thead th {
text-align: right;
}
A
B
C
D
2018-11-04
1.013527
0.270167
0.081805
0.178193
#很少用到，很少使用这种大范围的条件进行筛选
df[df>0]
.dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {
vertical-align: middle;
}
.dataframe tbody tr th {
vertical-align: top;
}
.dataframe thead th {
text-align: right;
}
A
B
C
D
2018-11-01
NaN
NaN
0.529903
0.660073
2018-11-02
NaN
NaN
0.082960
NaN
2018-11-03
NaN
0.730866
NaN
0.712624
2018-11-04
1.013527
0.270167
0.081805
0.178193
2018-11-05
NaN
NaN
NaN
0.081208
2018-11-06
NaN
0.545561
1.091127
NaN
2018-11-07
NaN
NaN
NaN
0.855027
# 使用isin()方法过滤
df2.head()
.dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {
vertical-align: middle;
}
.dataframe tbody tr th {
vertical-align: top;
}
.dataframe thead th {
text-align: right;
}
A
B
C
D
E
0
1
20181101
3
test
1.5
1
1
20181101
3
train
1.5
2
1
20181101
3
test
1.5
3
1
20181101
3
train
1.5
df2[df2['D'].isin(['test'])]
.dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {
vertical-align: middle;
}
.dataframe tbody tr th {
vertical-align: top;
}
.dataframe thead th {
text-align: right;
}
A
B
C
D
E
0
1
20181101
3
test
1.5
2
1
20181101
3
test
1.5
设定数值(类似于sql update 或者add)
设定一个新的列
df['E'] = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7]
df
.dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {
vertical-align: middle;
}
.dataframe tbody tr th {
vertical-align: top;
}
.dataframe thead th {
text-align: right;
}
A
B
C
D
E
2018-11-01
-0.170364
-0.237541
0.529903
0.660073
1
2018-11-02
-0.158446
-0.488535
0.082960
-1.913573
2
2018-11-03
-0.518426
0.730866
-1.033830
0.712624
3
2018-11-04
1.013527
0.270167
0.081805
0.178193
4
2018-11-05
-0.897497
-0.016279
-0.234993
0.081208
5
2018-11-06
-0.030580
0.545561
1.091127
-0.131579
6
2018-11-07
-0.313342
-0.688179
-0.417754
0.855027
7
通过标签设定新的值
df.loc['2018-11-01','E']= 10 # 第一行，E列的数据修改为10
df
.dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {
vertical-align: middle;
}
.dataframe tbody tr th {
vertical-align: top;
}
.dataframe thead th {
text-align: right;
}
A
B
C
D
E
2018-11-01
-0.170364
-0.237541
0.529903
0.660073
10
2018-11-02
-0.158446
-0.488535
0.082960
-1.913573
2
2018-11-03
-0.518426
0.730866
-1.033830
0.712624
3
2018-11-04
1.013527
0.270167
0.081805
0.178193
4
2018-11-05
-0.897497
-0.016279
-0.234993
0.081208
5
2018-11-06
-0.030580
0.545561
1.091127
-0.131579
6
2018-11-07
-0.313342
-0.688179
-0.417754
0.855027
7
df.iloc[1,4]=5000 # 第二行第五列数据修改为5000
df
.dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {
vertical-align: middle;
}
.dataframe tbody tr th {
vertical-align: top;
}
.dataframe thead th {
text-align: right;
}
A
B
C
D
E
2018-11-01
-0.170364
-0.237541
0.529903
0.660073
10
2018-11-02
-0.158446
-0.488535
0.082960
-1.913573
5000
2018-11-03
-0.518426
0.730866
-1.033830
0.712624
3
2018-11-04
1.013527
0.270167
0.081805
0.178193
4
2018-11-05
-0.897497
-0.016279
-0.234993
0.081208
5
2018-11-06
-0.030580
0.545561
1.091127
-0.131579
6
2018-11-07
-0.313342
-0.688179
-0.417754
0.855027
7
df3 =df.copy()
df3[df3<0]= -df3
df3 # 都变成非负数
.dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {
vertical-align: middle;
}
.dataframe tbody tr th {
vertical-align: top;
}
.dataframe thead th {
text-align: right;
}
A
B
C
D
E
2018-11-01
0.170364
0.237541
0.529903
0.660073
10
2018-11-02
0.158446
0.488535
0.082960
1.913573
5000
2018-11-03
0.518426
0.730866
1.033830
0.712624
3
2018-11-04
1.013527
0.270167
0.081805
0.178193
4
2018-11-05
0.897497
0.016279
0.234993
0.081208
5
2018-11-06
0.030580
0.545561
1.091127
0.131579
6
2018-11-07
0.313342
0.688179
0.417754
0.855027
7
缺失值处理
df
.dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {
vertical-align: middle;
}
.dataframe tbody tr th {
vertical-align: top;
}
.dataframe thead th {
text-align: right;
}
A
B
C
D
E
2018-11-01
-0.170364
-0.237541
0.529903
0.660073
10
2018-11-02
-0.158446
-0.488535
0.082960
-1.913573
5000
2018-11-03
-0.518426
0.730866
-1.033830
0.712624
3
2018-11-04
1.013527
0.270167
0.081805
0.178193
4
2018-11-05
-0.897497
-0.016279
-0.234993
0.081208
5
2018-11-06
-0.030580
0.545561
1.091127
-0.131579
6
2018-11-07
-0.313342
-0.688179
-0.417754
0.855027
7
df['E']=[1,np.nan,2,np.nan,4,np.nan,6]
df.loc['2018-11-01':'2018-11-03','D']=np.nan
df
.dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {
vertical-align: middle;
}
.dataframe tbody tr th {
vertical-align: top;
}
.dataframe thead th {
text-align: right;
}
A
B
C
D
E
2018-11-01
-0.170364
-0.237541
0.529903
NaN
1.0
2018-11-02
-0.158446
-0.488535
0.082960
NaN
NaN
2018-11-03
-0.518426
0.730866
-1.033830
NaN
2.0
2018-11-04
1.013527
0.270167
0.081805
0.178193
NaN
2018-11-05
-0.897497
-0.016279
-0.234993
0.081208
4.0
2018-11-06
-0.030580
0.545561
1.091127
-0.131579
NaN
2018-11-07
-0.313342
-0.688179
-0.417754
0.855027
6.0
去掉缺失值的行
df4 = df.copy()
df4.dropna(how='any')
.dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {
vertical-align: middle;
}
.dataframe tbody tr th {
vertical-align: top;
}
.dataframe thead th {
text-align: right;
}
A
B
C
D
E
2018-11-05
-0.897497
-0.016279
-0.234993
0.081208
4.0
2018-11-07
-0.313342
-0.688179
-0.417754
0.855027
6.0
df4.dropna(how='all')
# """DataFrame.dropna(axis=0, how='any', thresh=None, subset=None, inplace=False)"""
# aixs 轴0或者1 index或者columns
# how 方式
# thresh 超过阈值个数的缺失值
# subset 那些字段的处理
# inplace 是否直接在原数据框中的替换
.dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {
vertical-align: middle;
}
.dataframe tbody tr th {
vertical-align: top;
}
.dataframe thead th {
text-align: right;
}
A
B
C
D
E
2018-11-01
-0.170364
-0.237541
0.529903
NaN
1.0
2018-11-02
-0.158446
-0.488535
0.082960
NaN
NaN
2018-11-03
-0.518426
0.730866
-1.033830
NaN
2.0
2018-11-04
1.013527
0.270167
0.081805
0.178193
NaN
2018-11-05
-0.897497
-0.016279
-0.234993
0.081208
4.0
2018-11-06
-0.030580
0.545561
1.091127
-0.131579
NaN
2018-11-07
-0.313342
-0.688179
-0.417754
0.855027
6.0
对缺失值就行填充
df4.fillna(1000)
.dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {
vertical-align: middle;
}
.dataframe tbody tr th {
vertical-align: top;
}
.dataframe thead th {
text-align: right;
}
A
B
C
D
E
2018-11-01
-0.170364
-0.237541
0.529903
1000.000000
1.0
2018-11-02
-0.158446
-0.488535
0.082960
1000.000000
1000.0
2018-11-03
-0.518426
0.730866
-1.033830
1000.000000
2.0
2018-11-04
1.013527
0.270167
0.081805
0.178193
1000.0
2018-11-05
-0.897497
-0.016279
-0.234993
0.081208
4.0
2018-11-06
-0.030580
0.545561
1.091127
-0.131579
1000.0
2018-11-07
-0.313342
-0.688179
-0.417754
0.855027
6.0
对数据进行布尔值进行填充
pd.isnull(df4)
.dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {
vertical-align: middle;
}
.dataframe tbody tr th {
vertical-align: top;
}
.dataframe thead th {
text-align: right;
}
A
B
C
D
E
2018-11-01
False
False
False
True
False
2018-11-02
False
False
False
True
True
2018-11-03
False
False
False
True
False
2018-11-04
False
False
False
False
True
2018-11-05
False
False
False
False
False
2018-11-06
False
False
False
False
True
2018-11-07
False
False
False
False
False
数据操作
#统计的工作一般情况下都不包含缺失值，
df4.mean()
# 默认是对列进行求平均，沿着行方向也就是axis=0
A -0.153590
B 0.016580
C 0.014174
D 0.245712
E 3.250000
dtype: float64
df4.mean(axis=1)
# 沿着列方向求每行的平均
2018-11-01 0.280499
2018-11-02 -0.188007
2018-11-03 0.294653
2018-11-04 0.385923
2018-11-05 0.586488
2018-11-06 0.368632
2018-11-07 1.087150
Freq: D, dtype: float64
# 对于拥有不同维度，需要对齐的对象进行操作。Pandas会自动的沿着指定的维度进行广播：
s = pd.Series([1,3,4,np.nan,6,7,8],index=dates)
s
2018-11-01 1.0
2018-11-02 3.0
2018-11-03 4.0
2018-11-04 NaN
2018-11-05 6.0
2018-11-06 7.0
2018-11-07 8.0
Freq: D, dtype: float64
df4.sub(s,axis='index')
.dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {
vertical-align: middle;
}
.dataframe tbody tr th {
vertical-align: top;
}
.dataframe thead th {
text-align: right;
}
A
B
C
D
E
2018-11-01
-1.170364
-1.237541
-0.470097
NaN
0.0
2018-11-02
-3.158446
-3.488535
-2.917040
NaN
NaN
2018-11-03
-4.518426
-3.269134
-5.033830
NaN
-2.0
2018-11-04
NaN
NaN
NaN
NaN
NaN
2018-11-05
-6.897497
-6.016279
-6.234993
-5.918792
-2.0
2018-11-06
-7.030580
-6.454439
-5.908873
-7.131579
NaN
2018-11-07
-8.313342
-8.688179
-8.417754
-7.144973
-2.0
df4
.dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {
vertical-align: middle;
}
.dataframe tbody tr th {
vertical-align: top;
}
.dataframe thead th {
text-align: right;
}
A
B
C
D
E
2018-11-01
-0.170364
-0.237541
0.529903
NaN
1.0
2018-11-02
-0.158446
-0.488535
0.082960
NaN
NaN
2018-11-03
-0.518426
0.730866
-1.033830
NaN
2.0
2018-11-04
1.013527
0.270167
0.081805
0.178193
NaN
2018-11-05
-0.897497
-0.016279
-0.234993
0.081208
4.0
2018-11-06
-0.030580
0.545561
1.091127
-0.131579
NaN
2018-11-07
-0.313342
-0.688179
-0.417754
0.855027
6.0
df4.apply(np.cumsum)
.dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {
vertical-align: middle;
}
.dataframe tbody tr th {
vertical-align: top;
}
.dataframe thead th {
text-align: right;
}
A
B
C
D
E
2018-11-01
-0.170364
-0.237541
0.529903
NaN
1.0
2018-11-02
-0.328810
-0.726077
0.612863
NaN
NaN
2018-11-03
-0.847235
0.004789
-0.420966
NaN
3.0
2018-11-04
0.166292
0.274956
-0.339161
0.178193
NaN
2018-11-05
-0.731205
0.258677
-0.574154
0.259402
7.0
2018-11-06
-0.761786
0.804237
0.516973
0.127822
NaN
2018-11-07
-1.075128
0.116059
0.099219
0.982849
13.0
df4.apply(lambda x: x.max()-x.min())
A 1.911024
B 1.419044
C 2.124957
D 0.986606
E 5.000000
dtype: float64
统计个数与离散化
s = pd.Series(np.random.randint(0,7,size=15))
s
0 5
1 4
2 1
3 2
4 1
5 0
6 2
7 6
8 4
9 3
10 1
11 1
12 1
13 3
14 2
dtype: int32
s.value_counts()
# 统计元素的个数，并按照元素统计量进行排序，未出现的元素不会显示出来
1 5
2 3
4 2
3 2
6 1
5 1
0 1
dtype: int64
s.reindex(range(0,7))
# 按照固定的顺序输出元素的个数统计
0 5
1 4
2 1
3 2
4 1
5 0
6 2
dtype: int32
s.mode()
# 众数
0 1
dtype: int32
离散化
# 连续值转化为离散值，可以使用cut函数进行操作(bins based on vlaues) qcut (bins based on sample
# quantiles) 函数
arr = np.random.randint(0,20,size=15) # 正态分布
arr
array([ 5, 18, 13, 16, 16, 1, 15, 11, 0, 17, 16, 18, 15, 12, 13])
factor = pd.cut(arr,3)
factor
[(-0.018, 6.0], (12.0, 18.0], (12.0, 18.0], (12.0, 18.0], (12.0, 18.0], ..., (12.0, 18.0], (12.0, 18.0], (12.0, 18.0], (6.0, 12.0], (12.0, 18.0]]
Length: 15
Categories (3, interval[float64]): [(-0.018, 6.0] < (6.0, 12.0] < (12.0, 18.0]]
pd.value_counts(factor)
(12.0, 18.0] 10
(-0.018, 6.0] 3
(6.0, 12.0] 2
dtype: int64
factor1 = pd.cut(arr,[-1,5,10,15,20])
pd.value_counts(factor1)
(15, 20] 6
(10, 15] 6
(-1, 5] 3
(5, 10] 0
dtype: int64
factor2 = pd.qcut(arr,[0,0.25,0.5,0.75,1])
pd.value_counts(factor2)
(11.5, 15.0] 5
(-0.001, 11.5] 4
(16.0, 18.0] 3
(15.0, 16.0] 3
dtype: int64
pandas 处理字符串(单独一个大的章节，这人不做详述)
数据合并
concat
merge(类似于sql数据库中的join)
append
首先看concat合并数据框
df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(10,4)) # 10行列的标准正态分布数据框
df
.dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {
vertical-align: middle;
}
.dataframe tbody tr th {
vertical-align: top;
}
.dataframe thead th {
text-align: right;
}
0
1
2
3
0
0.949746
-0.050767
1.478622
-0.239901
1
-0.297120
-0.562589
0.371837
1.180715
2
0.953856
0.492295
0.821156
-0.323328
3
0.016153
1.554225
-1.166304
-0.904040
4
0.204763
-0.951291
-1.317620
0.672900
5
2.241006
-0.925746
-1.961408
0.853367
6
2.217133
-0.430812
0.518926
1.741445
7
-0.571104
-0.437305
-0.902241
0.786231
8
-2.511387
0.523760
1.811622
-0.777296
9
0.252690
0.901952
0.619614
-0.006631
d1,d2,d3 = df[:3],df[3:7],df[7:]
d1,d2,d3
( 0 1 2 3
0 0.949746 -0.050767 1.478622 -0.239901
1 -0.297120 -0.562589 0.371837 1.180715
2 0.953856 0.492295 0.821156 -0.323328,
0 1 2 3
3 0.016153 1.554225 -1.166304 -0.904040
4 0.204763 -0.951291 -1.317620 0.672900
5 2.241006 -0.925746 -1.961408 0.853367
6 2.217133 -0.430812 0.518926 1.741445,
0 1 2 3
7 -0.571104 -0.437305 -0.902241 0.786231
8 -2.511387 0.523760 1.811622 -0.777296
9 0.252690 0.901952 0.619614 -0.006631)
pd.concat([d1,d2,d3])
#合并三个数据框，数据结构相同，通常合并相同结构的数据，数据框中的字段一致，类似于数据添加新的数据来源
.dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {
vertical-align: middle;
}
.dataframe tbody tr th {
vertical-align: top;
}
.dataframe thead th {
text-align: right;
}
0
1
2
3
0
0.949746
-0.050767
1.478622
-0.239901
1
-0.297120
-0.562589
0.371837
1.180715
2
0.953856
0.492295
0.821156
-0.323328
3
0.016153
1.554225
-1.166304
-0.904040
4
0.204763
-0.951291
-1.317620
0.672900
5
2.241006
-0.925746
-1.961408
0.853367
6
2.217133
-0.430812
0.518926
1.741445
7
-0.571104
-0.437305
-0.902241
0.786231
8
-2.511387
0.523760
1.811622
-0.777296
9
0.252690
0.901952
0.619614
-0.006631
merge方式合并(数据库中的join)
left = pd.DataFrame({'key':['foo','foo'],"lval":[1,2]})
right = pd.DataFrame({'key':['foo','foo'],'rval':[4,5]})
left
.dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {
vertical-align: middle;
}
.dataframe tbody tr th {
vertical-align: top;
}
.dataframe thead th {
text-align: right;
}
key
lval
0
foo
1
1
foo
2
right
.dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {
vertical-align: middle;
}
.dataframe tbody tr th {
vertical-align: top;
}
.dataframe thead th {
text-align: right;
}
key
rval
0
foo
4
1
foo
5
pd.merge(left,right,on='key')
.dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {
vertical-align: middle;
}
.dataframe tbody tr th {
vertical-align: top;
}
.dataframe thead th {
text-align: right;
}
key
lval
rval
0
foo
1
4
1
foo
1
5
2
foo
2
4
3
foo
2
5
left = pd.DataFrame({'key':['foo','bar'],"lval":[1,2]})
right = pd.DataFrame({'key':['foo','bar'],'rval':[4,5]})
pd.merge(left,right,on='key')
.dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {
vertical-align: middle;
}
.dataframe tbody tr th {
vertical-align: top;
}
.dataframe thead th {
text-align: right;
}
key
lval
rval
0
foo
1
4
1
bar
2
5
left
.dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {
vertical-align: middle;
}
.dataframe tbody tr th {
vertical-align: top;
}
.dataframe thead th {
text-align: right;
}
key
lval
0
foo
1
1
bar
2
right
.dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {
vertical-align: middle;
}
.dataframe tbody tr th {
vertical-align: top;
}
.dataframe thead th {
text-align: right;
}
key
rval
0
foo
4
1
bar
5
Append方式合并数据
# 与concat 类似，常用的方法可以参考一下日子
df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(8,4),columns=['A','B','C','D'])
df
.dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {
vertical-align: middle;
}
.dataframe tbody tr th {
vertical-align: top;
}
.dataframe thead th {
text-align: right;
}
A
B
C
D
0
1.825997
-0.331086
-0.067143
0.747226
1
-0.027497
0.861639
0.928621
-2.549617
2
-0.546645
-0.072253
-0.788483
0.484140
3
-0.472240
-1.776993
-1.647407
0.170596
4
-0.099453
0.380143
-0.890510
1.233741
5
0.351915
0.137522
-1.165938
1.128146
6
0.558442
-1.047060
-0.598197
-1.979876
7
0.067321
-1.037666
-1.140675
-0.098562
##
d1 = df.iloc[3]
df.append(d1,ignore_index= True)
.dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {
vertical-align: middle;
}
.dataframe tbody tr th {
vertical-align: top;
}
.dataframe thead th {
text-align: right;
}
A
B
C
D
0
1.825997
-0.331086
-0.067143
0.747226
1
-0.027497
0.861639
0.928621
-2.549617
2
-0.546645
-0.072253
-0.788483
0.484140
3
-0.472240
-1.776993
-1.647407
0.170596
4
-0.099453
0.380143
-0.890510
1.233741
5
0.351915
0.137522
-1.165938
1.128146
6
0.558442
-1.047060
-0.598197
-1.979876
7
0.067321
-1.037666
-1.140675
-0.098562
8
-0.472240
-1.776993
-1.647407
0.170596
分组操作Groupby操作
df = pd.DataFrame({"A":['foo','bar','foo','bar'],
"B":['one','one','two','three'],
"C":np.random.randn(4),
"D":np.random.randn(4)})
df
.dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {
vertical-align: middle;
}
.dataframe tbody tr th {
vertical-align: top;
}
.dataframe thead th {
text-align: right;
}
A
B
C
D
0
foo
one
0.938910
0.505163
1
bar
one
0.660543
0.353860
2
foo
two
0.520309
1.157462
3
bar
three
-1.054927
0.290693
df.groupby('A').sum()
.dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {
vertical-align: middle;
}
.dataframe tbody tr th {
vertical-align: top;
}
.dataframe thead th {
text-align: right;
}
C
D
A
bar
-0.394384
0.644553
foo
1.459219
1.662625
df.groupby('A').size()
A
bar 2
foo 2
dtype: int64
df.groupby(['A',"B"]).sum()
.dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {
vertical-align: middle;
}
.dataframe tbody tr th {
vertical-align: top;
}
.dataframe thead th {
text-align: right;
}
C
D
A
B
bar
one
0.660543
0.353860
three
-1.054927
0.290693
foo
one
0.938910
0.505163
two
0.520309
1.157462
df.groupby(['A',"B"]).size()
A B
bar one 1
three 1
foo one 1
two 1
dtype: int64
reshape操作
tuples = list(zip(*[['bar','bar','baz','baz','foo','foo','qux','qux'],
['one','two','one','two','one','two','one','two']]))
index = pd.MultiIndex.from_tuples(tuples,names=['first','second'])
df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(8,2),index= index,columns=['A','B'])
df2 = df[:4]
df2
.dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {
vertical-align: middle;
}
.dataframe tbody tr th {
vertical-align: top;
}
.dataframe thead th {
text-align: right;
}
A
B
first
second
bar
one
0.510758
0.641370
two
0.481230
-0.470894
baz
one
-0.076294
0.121247
two
0.378507
-1.358932
df
.dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {
vertical-align: middle;
}
.dataframe tbody tr th {
vertical-align: top;
}
.dataframe thead th {
text-align: right;
}
A
B
first
second
bar
one
0.510758
0.641370
two
0.481230
-0.470894
baz
one
-0.076294
0.121247
two
0.378507
-1.358932
foo
one
-0.873012
0.531595
two
0.266968
-0.393124
qux
one
0.981866
1.205994
two
0.265772
0.132489
stack 与unstack 方法
df2_stacked = df2.stack()
# 将column也作为index
df2_stacked
first second
bar one A 0.510758
B 0.641370
two A 0.481230
B -0.470894
baz one A -0.076294
B 0.121247
two A 0.378507
B -1.358932
dtype: float64
df2_stacked.unstack() # 回复到原来的状态
.dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {
vertical-align: middle;
}
.dataframe tbody tr th {
vertical-align: top;
}
.dataframe thead th {
text-align: right;
}
A
B
first
second
bar
one
0.510758
0.641370
two
0.481230
-0.470894
baz
one
-0.076294
0.121247
two
0.378507
-1.358932
df2_stacked
first second
bar one A 0.510758
B 0.641370
two A 0.481230
B -0.470894
baz one A -0.076294
B 0.121247
two A 0.378507
B -1.358932
dtype: float64
df2_stacked.unstack(1)
.dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {
vertical-align: middle;
}
.dataframe tbody tr th {
vertical-align: top;
}
.dataframe thead th {
text-align: right;
}
second
one
two
first
bar
A
0.510758
0.481230
B
0.641370
-0.470894
baz
A
-0.076294
0.378507
B
0.121247
-1.358932
df2_stacked.unstack(0)
.dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {
vertical-align: middle;
}
.dataframe tbody tr th {
vertical-align: top;
}
.dataframe thead th {
text-align: right;
}
first
bar
baz
second
one
A
0.510758
-0.076294
B
0.641370
0.121247
two
A
0.481230
0.378507
B
-0.470894
-1.358932
pivot_table 透视表
df = pd.DataFrame({'A' : ['one', 'one', 'two', 'three'] * 3, 'B' : ['A', 'B', 'C'] * 4,
'C' : ['foo', 'foo', 'foo', 'bar', 'bar', 'bar'] * 2,
'D' : np.random.randn(12),
'E' : np.random.randn(12)})
df
.dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {
vertical-align: middle;
}
.dataframe tbody tr th {
vertical-align: top;
}
.dataframe thead th {
text-align: right;
}
A
B
C
D
E
0
one
A
foo
0.006247
-0.894827
1
one
B
foo
1.653974
-0.340107
2
two
C
foo
-1.627485
-1.011403
3
three
A
bar
-0.716002
1.533422
4
one
B
bar
0.422688
-0.807675
5
one
C
bar
0.264818
0.249770
6
two
A
foo
0.643288
-1.166616
7
three
B
foo
0.348041
-0.659099
8
one
C
foo
1.593486
-1.098731
9
one
A
bar
-0.389344
0.919528
10
two
B
bar
-1.407450
1.269716
11
three
C
bar
-0.172672
0.883970
pd.pivot_table(df,values='D',index=['A','B'],columns=['C'],aggfunc=np.mean)
.dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {
vertical-align: middle;
}
.dataframe tbody tr th {
vertical-align: top;
}
.dataframe thead th {
text-align: right;
}
C
bar
foo
A
B
one
A
-0.389344
0.006247
B
0.422688
1.653974
C
0.264818
1.593486
three
A
-0.716002
NaN
B
NaN
0.348041
C
-0.172672
NaN
two
A
NaN
0.643288
B
-1.407450
NaN
C
NaN
-1.627485
pd.pivot_table(df,values='D',index=['A','B'],columns=['C'],aggfunc=np.sum)
.dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {
vertical-align: middle;
}
.dataframe tbody tr th {
vertical-align: top;
}
.dataframe thead th {
text-align: right;
}
C
bar
foo
A
B
one
A
-0.389344
0.006247
B
0.422688
1.653974
C
0.264818
1.593486
three
A
-0.716002
NaN
B
NaN
0.348041
C
-0.172672
NaN
two
A
NaN
0.643288
B
-1.407450
NaN
C
NaN
-1.627485
pd.pivot_table(df,values='D',index=['A','B'],columns=['C'],aggfunc=np.mean,fill_value=0)
.dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {
vertical-align: middle;
}
.dataframe tbody tr th {
vertical-align: top;
}
.dataframe thead th {
text-align: right;
}
C
bar
foo
A
B
one
A
-0.389344
0.006247
B
0.422688
1.653974
C
0.264818
1.593486
three
A
-0.716002
0.000000
B
0.000000
0.348041
C
-0.172672
0.000000
two
A
0.000000
0.643288
B
-1.407450
0.000000
C
0.000000
-1.627485
df1 = pd.pivot_table(df,values='D',index=['A','B'],columns=['C'],aggfunc=np.mean,fill_value=0)
df1.index
MultiIndex(levels=[['one', 'three', 'two'], ['A', 'B', 'C']],
labels=[[0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2], [0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 2]],
names=['A', 'B'])
df1.stack()
A B C
one A bar -0.389344
foo 0.006247
B bar 0.422688
foo 1.653974
C bar 0.264818
foo 1.593486
three A bar -0.716002
foo 0.000000
B bar 0.000000
foo 0.348041
C bar -0.172672
foo 0.000000
two A bar 0.000000
foo 0.643288
B bar -1.407450
foo 0.000000
C bar 0.000000
foo -1.627485
dtype: float64
df1.unstack()
.dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {
vertical-align: middle;
}
.dataframe tbody tr th {
vertical-align: top;
}
.dataframe thead tr th {
text-align: left;
}
.dataframe thead tr:last-of-type th {
text-align: right;
}
C
bar
foo
B
A
B
C
A
B
C
A
one
-0.389344
0.422688
0.264818
0.006247
1.653974
1.593486
three
-0.716002
0.000000
-0.172672
0.000000
0.348041
0.000000
two
0.000000
-1.407450
0.000000
0.643288
0.000000
-1.627485
df1.unstack(1)
.dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {
vertical-align: middle;
}
.dataframe tbody tr th {
vertical-align: top;
}
.dataframe thead tr th {
text-align: left;
}
.dataframe thead tr:last-of-type th {
text-align: right;
}
C
bar
foo
B
A
B
C
A
B
C
A
one
-0.389344
0.422688
0.264818
0.006247
1.653974
1.593486
three
-0.716002
0.000000
-0.172672
0.000000
0.348041
0.000000
two
0.000000
-1.407450
0.000000
0.643288
0.000000
-1.627485
df1.unstack(0)
.dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {
vertical-align: middle;
}
.dataframe tbody tr th {
vertical-align: top;
}
.dataframe thead tr th {
text-align: left;
}
.dataframe thead tr:last-of-type th {
text-align: right;
}
C
bar
foo
A
one
three
two
one
three
two
B
A
-0.389344
-0.716002
0.00000
0.006247
0.000000
0.643288
B
0.422688
0.000000
-1.40745
1.653974
0.348041
0.000000
C
0.264818
-0.172672
0.00000
1.593486
0.000000
-1.627485
至此，pandas的基础的使用介绍也就结束了，后续会有专题性质的分析，包括(字符串处理，apply的使用，数据合并，透视表，时间序列的分析)
pandas基础操作
```python import pandas as pd import numpy as np ``` ```python s = pd.Series([1,3,6,np.nan,44,1]) s ...
小白学 Python 数据分析(5)：Pandas (四)基础操作(1)查看数据
在家为国家做贡献太无聊,不如跟我一起学点 Python 人生苦短,我用 Python 前文传送门: 小白学 Python 数据分析(1):数据分析基础 小白学 Python 数据分析(2):Panda ...
【ADO.NET基础-GridView】GridView的编辑、更新、取消、删除以及相关基础操作代码
代码都是基础操作,后续功能还会更新,如有问题欢迎提出和提问....... 前台代码:
Pandas的基础操作(一)——矩阵表的创建及其属性
Pandas的基础操作(一)——矩阵表的创建及其属性 (注:记得在文件开头导入import numpy as np以及import pandas as pd) import pandas as pd ...
小白学 Python 数据分析(6)：Pandas (五)基础操作(2)数据选择
人生苦短,我用 Python 前文传送门: 小白学 Python 数据分析(1):数据分析基础 小白学 Python 数据分析(2):Pandas (一)概述 小白学 Python 数据分析(3):P ...
Pandas 基础(1) - 初识及安装 yupyter
Hello, 大家好, 昨天说了我会再更新一个关于 Pandas 基础知识的教程, 这里就是啦......Pandas 被广泛应用于数据分析领域, 是一个很好的分析工具, 也是我们后面学习 machi ...
基于 Python 和 Pandas 的数据分析(2) --- Pandas 基础
在这个用 Python 和 Pandas 实现数据分析的教程中, 我们将明确一些 Pandas 基础知识. 加载到 Pandas Dataframe 的数据形式可以很多, 但是通常需要能形成行和列的数 ...
利用Python进行数据分析(12) pandas基础: 数据合并
pandas 提供了三种主要方法可以对数据进行合并: pandas.merge()方法:数据库风格的合并: pandas.concat()方法:轴向连接,即沿着一条轴将多个对象堆叠到一起: 实例方法c ...
利用Python进行数据分析(8) pandas基础: Series和DataFrame的基本操作
一.reindex() 方法:重新索引 针对 Series 重新索引指的是根据index参数重新进行排序. 如果传入的索引值在数据里不存在,则不会报错,而是添加缺失值的新行. 不想用缺失值,可以用 ...
随机推荐
About_PHP_函数
关于验证码的完善: //生成干扰线 $posLineX1 = rand(12,50); $posLineX2 = rand(50,110); $posX = rand(10,50); for($i=0 ...
flume与kafka整合
flume与kafka整合 前提: flume安装和测试通过,可参考:http://www.cnblogs.com/rwxwsblog/p/5800300.html kafka安装和测试通过,可参考: ...
js执行顺序<;转>;
JavaScript执行引擎并非一行一行地分析和执行程序,而是一段一段地分析执行的.而且在分析执行同一段代码中,定义式的函数语句会被提取出来优先执行.函数定义执行完后,才会按顺序执行其他代码. 先看看 ...
iOS webView的一些基本用法
1.自己拼接html来显示想要的文字(参考:http://www.mamicode.com/info-detail-492242.html) NSString *htmlStr=@"< ...
hdu2369 Broken Keyboard(类似dfs)
转载请注明出处:http://blog.csdn.net/u012860063 题目链接:pid=2369">http://acm.hdu.edu.cn/showproblem.php ...
Java基础语法(上篇)
Java基础语法(上篇) 知识概要: (1)关键字的表示与规范 (2)标示符 (3)注释 (4 ...
SpringBoot的事件监听
事件监听的流程分为三步:1.自定义事件,一般是继承ApplicationEvent抽象类.2.定义事件监听器,一般是实现ApplicationListener接口.3.a.启动的时候,需要将监听器加入 ...
oracle 在C# 中调用oracle的数据库时，出现引用库和当前客户端不兼容的问题解决方案
oracle 在C# 中调用oracle的数据库时,出现引用库和当前客户端不兼容的问题解决方案 解决方案 1.直接引用 Oracle.ManagedDataAccess.Client.dll动态库即 ...
tensorboard遇到的坑
- No graph definition files were found.
启动命令 tensor ...
Linux手工添加swap
swap是一把双刃剑,在实践中发现,严重的会导致linux负载超高,失去响应kswap内存的信息转存到swap(硬盘)!,在内存较大的情况下不建议建立swap!!! 师夷长技以制夷! 1.root权限 ...
扫一扫
1591
被折叠的 条评论
为什么被折叠?
到【灌水乐园】发言
