python进阶装饰器_【Python 进阶】装饰器

什么是装饰器

装饰器就是把一个函数当参数传到另一个函数(也可以是可迭代对象 callable)中然后再回调， @ 是其语法糖

常见的四种形态的装饰器

1. 不带参数的装饰器

def logger(func):

def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):

print(f'prepare to run {func.__name__}')

func(*args, **kwargs)

print('finished...')

return wrapper

@logger

def add(x, y):

print(f'{x} + {y} = {x+y}')

add(1, 2)

# Result:

# prepare to run add

# 1 + 2 = 3

# finished...

2. 带参数的装饰器

def logger(level='INFO'):

def wrapper(func):

def handle(*args, **kwargs):

print(f'{level}: prepare to run {func.__name__}')

func(*args, **kwargs)

print('finished...')

return handle

return wrapper

@logger('ERROR')

def add(x, y):

print(f'{x} + {y} = {x+y}')

add(1, 2)

# Result:

# ERROR: prepare to run add

# 1 + 2 = 3

# finished...

3. 不带参数的类装饰器

不带参数时，初始化的参数为被装饰函数，即两层结构。

class logger(object):

def __init__(self, func):

self.func = func

def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):

print(f'prepare to run {self.func.__name__}')

return self.func(*args, **kwargs)

@logger

def add(x, y):

print(f'{x} + {y} = {x+y}')

add(1, 2)

# Result:

# prepare to run add

# 1 + 2 = 3

4. 带参数的类装饰器

带参数时，初始化的参数为装饰函数的参数，即三层结构。

class logger(object):

def __init__(self, level="INFO"):

self.level = level

def __call__(self, func):

def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):

print(f'{self.level}: prepare to run {func.__name__}')

return func(*args, **kwargs)

return wrapper

@logger('ERROR')

def add(x, y):

print(f'{x} + {y} = {x+y}')

add(1, 2)

# Result:

# ERROR: prepare to run add

# 1 + 2 = 3

使用装饰器的注意事项

1. 使用 functools 中的 wraps

保持被装饰函数签名, 否则签名为装饰器对象

from functools import wraps

def wrapper(func):

@wraps(func)

def handle():

pass

return handle

@wrapper

def wrapped():

pass

print(wrapped.__name__)

# Result:

# wrapped

2. 装饰顺序

执行顺序： wrapper1 > wrapper2 (wrapper1 装饰 wrapper2， wrapper2 装饰 func)

@wrapper1

@wrapper2

def func():

pass

3. 闭包

def counter(func):

def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):

wrapper.count = wrapper.count + 1

res = func(*args, **kwargs)

print("{0} has been used: {1} x".format(func.__name__, wrapper.count))

return res

wrapper.count = 0

return wrapper

@counter

def system_out(string):

print(string)

system_out("A")

system_out("B")

# Result:

# A

# system_out has been used: 1x

# B

# system_out has been used: 2x

装饰器常用场景及代码实现

日志打印，权限控制，处理函数超时(待更新)

参考