python设计模式六大原则_[流畅的Python]读书笔记之六设计模式

Python设计模式

Peter Norvig， 对就是他，在'Design Pattern in Dynamic Languages'的演讲中指出，在《设计模式，可复用面向对象软件的基础》一书中有23个模式，其中有16个在动态语言中‘不见了，或者简化了’。

深有感触，之前看一篇文章，里面有C++实现了一个算法，当我想用Python重写的时候，发现需要写的类至少少了三个，而且可以用啥 namedtuple啊， 至于指针返回值，虚函数，基类这些东西完全就是无关的。

看一看作者在书中给的例子：

如果完全按照设计模式来做，需要写代码如下：

from abc import ABC, abstractmethod

from collections import namedtuple

Customer = namedtuple('Customer', 'name fidelity')

class LineItem:

def __init__(self, product, quantity, price):

self.product = product

self.quantity = quantity

self.price = price

def total(self):

return self.price * self.quantity

class Order: # the Context

def __init__(self, customer, cart, promotion=None):

self.customer = customer

self.cart = list(cart)

self.promotion = promotion

def total(self):

if not hasattr(self, '__total'):

self.__total = sum(item.total() for item in self.cart)

return self.__total

def due(self):

if self.promotion is None:

discount = 0

else:

discount = self.promotion.discount(self)

return self.total() - discount

def __repr__(self):

fmt = ''

return fmt.format(self.total(), self.due())

class Promotion(ABC): # the Strategy: an Abstract Base Class

@abstractmethod

def discount(self, order):

"""Return discount as a positive dollar amount"""

class FidelityPromo(Promotion): # first Concrete Strategy

"""5% discount for customers with 1000 or more fidelity points"""

def discount(self, order):

return order.total() * .05 if order.customer.fidelity >= 1000 else 0

class BulkItemPromo(Promotion): # second Concrete Strategy

"""10% discount for each LineItem with 20 or more units"""

def discount(self, order):

discount = 0

for item in order.cart:

if item.quantity >= 20:

discount += item.total() * .1

return discount

class LargeOrderPromo(Promotion): # third Concrete Strategy

"""7% discount for orders with 10 or more distinct items"""

def discount(self, order):

distinct_items = {item.product for item in order.cart}

if len(distinct_items) >= 10:

return order.total() * .07

return 0

我才了解ABC(Abstract Base Class)，原来Python也是可以可以 abstractmethod 的。

使用函数实现‘策略’模式

我这样写的概率也蛮大：

from collections import namedtuple

Customer = namedtuple('Customer', 'name fidelity')

class LineItem:

def __init__(self, product, quantity, price):

self.product = product

self.quantity = quantity

self.price = price

def total(self):

return self.price * self.quantity

class Order: # the Context

def __init__(self, customer, cart, promotion=None):

self.customer = customer

self.cart = list(cart)

self.promotion = promotion

def total(self):

if not hasattr(self, '__total'):

self.__total = sum(item.total() for item in self.cart)

return self.__total

def due(self):

if self.promotion is None:

discount = 0

else:

discount = self.promotion(self)

return self.total() - discount

def __repr__(self):

fmt = ''

return fmt.format(self.total(), self.due())

def fidelity_promo(order):

"""5% discount for customers with 1000 or more fidelity points"""

return order.total() * .05 if order.customer.fidelity >= 1000 else 0

def bulk_item_promo(order):

"""10% discount for each LineItem with 20 or more units"""

discount = 0

for item in order.cart:

if item.quantity >= 20:

discount += item.total() * .1

return discount

def large_order_promo(order):

"""7% discount for orders with 10 or more distinct items"""

distinct_items = {item.product for item in order.cart}

if len(distinct_items) >= 10:

return order.total() * .07

return 0

把函数直接拿来用，把 order.promotion 变成我们想用的 promotion 策略，然后直接用。

最优折扣

我们甚至可以添加一个 best_promo 函数，来帮顾客最优折扣：

promos = [fidelity_promo, bulk_item_promo, large_order_promo]

def best_promo(order):

"""Select best discount available

"""

return max(promo(order) for promo in promos)

但是这样有个缺点，每次我们如果新加了 promotion 策略，我们都需要把它添加到 promos 列表中。

我们可以用以下办法来生成所有折扣列表：

promos = [globals()[name] for name in globals()

if name.endswith('_promo')

and name != 'best_promo']

globals() 会返回一个字典，找到所有的 promo 函数，但是这里注意我们需要注意，新的策略需要用 _promo 作为结束。

除了和这个办法以外，我们也可以把 promotions 单独放到一个 promotions.py 文件中，然后导入再来构建：

#import promotions

...

promos = [func for name, func in

inspect.getmembers(promotions, inspect.isfunction)]

...