拷贝构造函数的参数

拷贝构造函数

class A{	
    A(const A& a);
};

问题：

• 参数是否一定要加const？

1. 拷贝构造函数的参数

• 1.1 使用不加const的拷贝构造函数

#include <iostream>

class A { 
public:
    A(){std::cout << "A construct." << std::endl;}  
    ~A(){std::cout << "A desconstruct." << std::endl;}
    A(A& a){std::cout << "A copy construct" << std::endl;}
    //A(const A& a){std::cout << "A const copy construct" << std::endl;}
};

int main(int argc, char** argv) {
    A a1; 
    A a2 = a1; 
}

• 运行：

A construct.
A copy construct
A desconstruct.
A desconstruct.

• 1.2 使用加const的拷贝构造函数

#include <iostream>

class A { 
public:
    A(){std::cout << "A construct." << std::endl;}  
    ~A(){std::cout << "A desconstruct." << std::endl;}
    //A(A& a){std::cout << "A copy construct" << std::endl;}
    A(const A& a){std::cout << "A const copy construct" << std::endl;}
};

int main(int argc, char** argv) {
    A a1; 
    A a2 = a1; 
}

• 运行：

A construct.
A const copy construct
A desconstruct.
A desconstruct.

• 1.3 同时存在加const和不加const的拷贝构造函数

#include <iostream>

class A { 
public:
    A(){std::cout << "A construct." << std::endl;}  
    ~A(){std::cout << "A desconstruct." << std::endl;}
    A(A& a){std::cout << "A copy construct" << std::endl;}
    A(const A& a){std::cout << "A const copy construct" << std::endl;}
};

int main(int argc, char** argv) {
    A a1; 
    A a2 = a1; 
    
    const A a3; 
    A a4 = a3; 
}

• 运行：

A construct.
A copy construct
A construct.
A const copy construct
A desconstruct.
A desconstruct.
A desconstruct.
A desconstruct.

• 1.4 只存在不加const的拷贝构造函数,异常情况1:

#include <iostream>

class A { 
public:
    A(){std::cout << "A construct." << std::endl;}  
    ~A(){std::cout << "A desconstruct." << std::endl;}
    A(A& a){std::cout << "A copy construct" << std::endl;}
    //A(const A& a){std::cout << "A const copy construct" << std::endl;}
};

int main(int argc, char** argv) {
    A a1; 
    A a2 = a1; 
    
    const A a3; 
    A a4 = a3; 
}

• 编译错误： 因为a3是常量

copy_construct.cpp: In function ‘int main(int, char**)’:
copy_construct.cpp:18:9: error: binding ‘const A’ to reference of type ‘A&’ discards qualifiers
  A a4 = a3;
         ^
copy_construct.cpp:7:2: note:   initializing argument 1 of ‘A::A(A&)’
  A(A& a){std::cout << "A copy construct" << std::endl;}

• 1.5 只存在不加const的拷贝构造函数,异常情况2：

  #include <iostream>
  
  class A { 
  public:
      A(){std::cout << "A construct." << std::endl;}  
      ~A(){std::cout << "A desconstruct." << std::endl;}
      A(A& a){std::cout << "A copy construct" << std::endl;}
      //A(const A& a){std::cout << "A const copy construct" << std::endl;}
  };
  
  A fun() {
      return A();
  }
  
  int main(int argc, char** argv) {
      A a1; 
      A a2 = a1; 
      
      A a3 = fun(); 
  }
  
  

  编译失败: 编译器生成的临时返回对象是常引用类型, 因为随后临时对象赋值给其它变量时,不需要被赋值的变量去修改它;

  copy_construct.cpp: In function ‘A fun()’:
  copy_construct.cpp:14:11: error: invalid initialization of non-const reference of type ‘A&’ from an rvalue of type ‘A’
    return A();
             ^
  copy_construct.cpp:7:2: note:   initializing argument 1 of ‘A::A(A&)’
    A(A& a){std::cout << "A copy construct" << std::endl;}
    ^
  copy_construct.cpp: In function ‘int main(int, char**)’:
  copy_construct.cpp:21:12: error: invalid initialization of non-const reference of type ‘A&’ from an rvalue of type ‘A’
    A a3 = fun();
              ^
  copy_construct.cpp:7:2: note:   initializing argument 1 of ‘A::A(A&)’
    A(A& a){std::cout << "A copy construct" << std::endl;}
  
  

• 1.6 总结:

**1. 拷贝构造函数的参数可以是A&, 也可以是const A&; **

2.如果同时存在两个拷贝构造函数, 参数分别为A&和const A&, 那么系统会根据实参类型选择拷贝构造函数

3. 如果只使用非const参数的拷贝构造函数,那么程序在编译拷贝构造函数时需要常量, 就会导致编译失败.

**4. 通常我们只编写一个带有const类型的拷贝构造函数, 就可以适应所有情况了. **